Family Law Legal Glossary (English + Spanish)

ABANDONMENT – CHILD

Definition: In family law, a parent’s intentional failure to provide reasonable care, supervision, or contact with a child for a statutory period, often grounds for dependency findings or termination of parental rights. Explanation: A parent leaves a child without care or contact long enough that the court can intervene. Example: The court found child abandonment after twelve months without visitation or support.

Explanation: A parent leaves a child without care or contact long enough that the court can intervene. Example: The court found child abandonment after twelve months without visitation or support.

Example: The court found child abandonment after twelve months without visitation or support.

Español: abandono de menores

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con abandono de menores.

ABATE

Definition: To reduce, lessen, or diminish the effect of something; in family law, often used to describe the reduction or suspension of spousal support, child support, or legal proceedings due to a change in circumstances. Explanation: When the court lowers or stops a payment or legal action because of changed conditions. Example: The court ordered child support to abate while the child was living full-time with the other parent.

Explanation: When the court lowers or stops a payment or legal action because of changed conditions. Example: The court ordered child support to abate while the child was living full-time with the other parent.

Example: The court ordered child support to abate while the child was living full-time with the other parent.

Español: abate

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con abate.

ABDUCTION – CHILD

Definition: The wrongful removal or retention of a child from their lawful custodian, including across state or international borders. Explanation: Taking or keeping a child away from the legal caregiver without permission. Example: Mother alleged child abduction after Father kept the child overseas.

Explanation: Taking or keeping a child away from the legal caregiver without permission. Example: Mother alleged child abduction after Father kept the child overseas.

Example: Mother alleged child abduction after Father kept the child overseas.

Español: secuestro de menores

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con secuestro de menores.

ABDUCTION BY PARENT

Definition: The unlawful taking, concealment, or retention of a child by one parent in violation of custody rights of the other parent or contrary to a court order. Explanation: When one parent illegally takes or hides the child from the other parent. Example: The mother was charged with abduction by parent after taking the child out of state without consent.

Explanation: When one parent illegally takes or hides the child from the other parent. Example: The mother was charged with abduction by parent after taking the child out of state without consent.

Example: The mother was charged with abduction by parent after taking the child out of state without consent.

Español: abduction by parent

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con abduction by parent.

ABOVE-NAMED

Definition: A legal reference to a person, party, or entity already identified earlier in the document, typically used in pleadings, orders, or contracts to avoid repeating the full name. Explanation: A way of saying “the person already mentioned earlier in the papers.” Example: The court ordered the above-named respondent to appear at the custody hearing.

Explanation: A way of saying “the person already mentioned earlier in the papers.” Example: The court ordered the above-named respondent to appear at the custody hearing.

Example: The court ordered the above-named respondent to appear at the custody hearing.

Español: above-named

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con above-named.

ABUSE – CHILD

Definition: Physical, emotional, or sexual harm to a child, or neglect that threatens the child’s health or welfare. Explanation: Hurting a child or failing to care for the child in a way that is dangerous. Example: The report alleged child abuse and neglect by the caregiver.

Explanation: Hurting a child or failing to care for the child in a way that is dangerous. Example: The report alleged child abuse and neglect by the caregiver.

Example: The report alleged child abuse and neglect by the caregiver.

Español: abuse – child

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con abuse – child.

ABUSE – DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Definition: Intentionally or recklessly causing or attempting to cause bodily injury, sexual assault, or placing a partner or family member in reasonable fear of harm. Explanation: Violence, threats, or control in an intimate or family relationship. Example: She asked for a restraining order due to domestic violence.

Explanation: Violence, threats, or control in an intimate or family relationship. Example: She asked for a restraining order due to domestic violence.

Example: She asked for a restraining order due to domestic violence.

Español: abuse – domestic violence

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con abuse – domestic violence.

ABUSE OF DISCRETION

Definition: A legal standard of review where a higher court finds that a trial judge’s decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, or exceeded the bounds of sound judgment, especially when no reasonable judge would have reached the same conclusion. Explanation: When a judge makes a ruling that is unfair, unreasonable, or clearly outside normal legal judgment. Example: On appeal, the mother argued that the trial court’s denial of her request to relocate was an abuse of discretion because the judge ignored the best interests of the child.

Explanation: When a judge makes a ruling that is unfair, unreasonable, or clearly outside normal legal judgment. Example: On appeal, the mother argued that the trial court’s denial of her request to relocate was an abuse of discretion because the judge ignored the best interests of the child.

Example: On appeal, the mother argued that the trial court’s denial of her request to relocate was an abuse of discretion because the judge ignored the best interests of the child.

Español: abuse of discretion

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con abuse of discretion.

ACCESS

Definition: In family law, the right of a noncustodial parent or other authorized person to spend time with a child, sometimes used interchangeably with visitation, subject to the court’s determination of the child’s best interests. Explanation: The legal right for a parent who does not live with the child to see and spend time with them. Example: The divorce decree granted the father access to the child every other weekend and one evening during the week.

Explanation: The legal right for a parent who does not live with the child to see and spend time with them. Example: The divorce decree granted the father access to the child every other weekend and one evening during the week.

Example: The divorce decree granted the father access to the child every other weekend and one evening during the week.

Español: access

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con access.

ACCOMMODATION

Definition: An adjustment or modification made to ensure fairness or compliance with law; in family law, it often refers to reasonable changes made to meet the needs of a parent, child, or party with a disability so they can fully participate in proceedings or exercise parenting rights. Explanation: A change or adjustment made so a parent or child can fairly take part in court or parenting, often due to disability or special needs. Example: The court granted an accommodation allowing the mother with hearing impairment to use an interpreter during the custody trial.

Explanation: A change or adjustment made so a parent or child can fairly take part in court or parenting, often due to disability or special needs. Example: The court granted an accommodation allowing the mother with hearing impairment to use an interpreter during the custody trial.

Example: The court granted an accommodation allowing the mother with hearing impairment to use an interpreter during the custody trial.

Español: accommodation

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con accommodation.

ACCUSE

Definition: To formally charge or allege that someone has committed a wrongful act; in family law, this may involve claims of child abuse, domestic violence, neglect, or violation of court orders, which must then be proven with evidence. Explanation: To say that someone has done something wrong or unlawful, such as harming a child or breaking a court order. Example: During the custody hearing, the father was accused of violating the restraining order by contacting the mother outside of visitation.

Explanation: To say that someone has done something wrong or unlawful, such as harming a child or breaking a court order. Example: During the custody hearing, the father was accused of violating the restraining order by contacting the mother outside of visitation.

Example: During the custody hearing, the father was accused of violating the restraining order by contacting the mother outside of visitation.

Español: accuse

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con accuse.

ACKNOWLEDGE

Definition: To formally admit, recognize, or declare something as true, valid, or binding; in family law, this often refers to acknowledging parentage, receipt of legal documents, or acceptance of responsibilities imposed by the court. Explanation: To officially accept or recognize something as true or valid in court. Example: The father signed a form to acknowledge paternity of the child, making him legally responsible for support.

Explanation: To officially accept or recognize something as true or valid in court. Example: The father signed a form to acknowledge paternity of the child, making him legally responsible for support.

Example: The father signed a form to acknowledge paternity of the child, making him legally responsible for support.

Español: acknowledge

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con acknowledge.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PARENTAGE – VOLUNTARY

Definition: A signed legal form by which parents voluntarily establish a legal parent child relationship without a court hearing. Explanation: A form both parents sign to legally establish parentage. Example: They signed a voluntary acknowledgment at the hospital to establish parentage.

Explanation: A form both parents sign to legally establish parentage. Example: They signed a voluntary acknowledgment at the hospital to establish parentage.

Example: They signed a voluntary acknowledgment at the hospital to establish parentage.

Español: acknowledgment of parentage – voluntary

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con acknowledgment of parentage – voluntary.

ACT OF GOD

Definition: An extraordinary and unforeseeable natural event, such as a flood, earthquake, or storm, that is not caused by human action and cannot be prevented by reasonable foresight or care; in family law, this may affect compliance with court orders, such as visitation or support obligations, when performance is made impossible. Explanation: A natural event beyond human control, like a disaster, that can prevent someone from following a court order. Example: The mother explained that she missed the scheduled visitation due to a hurricane, claiming it was an act of God beyond her control.

Explanation: A natural event beyond human control, like a disaster, that can prevent someone from following a court order. Example: The mother explained that she missed the scheduled visitation due to a hurricane, claiming it was an act of God beyond her control.

Example: The mother explained that she missed the scheduled visitation due to a hurricane, claiming it was an act of God beyond her control.

Español: act of god

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con act of god.

ADD-ON SUPPORT – CHILD

Definition: Court-ordered additional child support for specific expenses such as child care, unreimbursed medical costs, or educational needs. Explanation: Extra child support to cover things like daycare or medical bills. Example: The judge ordered child care as an add-on support expense.

Explanation: Extra child support to cover things like daycare or medical bills. Example: The judge ordered child care as an add-on support expense.

Example: The judge ordered child care as an add-on support expense.

Español: add-on support – child

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con add-on support – child.

ADDENDUM

Definition: A supplemental document attached to a contract, court order, or agreement that adds to, clarifies, or modifies the original terms without replacing the entire document; in family law, often used in parenting plans, settlement agreements, or support orders. Explanation: An extra section or addition to legal papers that changes or explains something in the original document. Example: The parties signed an addendum to their parenting agreement specifying holiday visitation schedules.

Explanation: An extra section or addition to legal papers that changes or explains something in the original document. Example: The parties signed an addendum to their parenting agreement specifying holiday visitation schedules.

Example: The parties signed an addendum to their parenting agreement specifying holiday visitation schedules.

Español: addendum

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con addendum.

ADDRESS

Definition: In legal usage, the location where a party may be served with court papers or contacted for official purposes; in family law, it may also refer to the child’s residence for jurisdictional purposes or a parent’s disclosure of current residence as required by court orders. Explanation: The official place where someone can receive legal documents or where a child is considered to live for custody matters. Example: The custody order required both parents to keep the court informed of their current address to ensure proper notice of hearings.

Explanation: The official place where someone can receive legal documents or where a child is considered to live for custody matters. Example: The custody order required both parents to keep the court informed of their current address to ensure proper notice of hearings.

Example: The custody order required both parents to keep the court informed of their current address to ensure proper notice of hearings.

Español: address

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con address.

ADDRESS CONFIDENTIALITY PROGRAM

Definition: A state program that provides a substitute legal address to protect survivors of abuse or stalking. Explanation: A service that hides a survivor’s home address with a safe mailing address. Example: She enrolled in the address confidentiality program to keep her location private.

Explanation: A service that hides a survivor’s home address with a safe mailing address. Example: She enrolled in the address confidentiality program to keep her location private.

Example: She enrolled in the address confidentiality program to keep her location private.

Español: address confidentiality program

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con address confidentiality program.

ADDRESS THE COURT

Definition: To speak directly to the judge in a legal proceeding, either orally or in writing, usually for the purpose of making arguments, presenting motions, or responding to questions; in family law, parties, attorneys, and sometimes self-represented litigants must properly address the court when requesting relief or explaining their positions. Explanation: To formally speak to the judge during a case, asking for something or explaining your side. Example: During the custody hearing, the mother’s attorney asked permission to address the court about the child’s medical needs.

Explanation: To formally speak to the judge during a case, asking for something or explaining your side. Example: During the custody hearing, the mother’s attorney asked permission to address the court about the child’s medical needs.

Example: During the custody hearing, the mother’s attorney asked permission to address the court about the child’s medical needs.

Español: address the court

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con address the court.

ADJUDICATION

Definition: The formal judgment or decision of a court resolving a legal matter; in family law, adjudication may determine issues such as child custody, visitation, support obligations, domestic violence findings, or the termination of parental rights. Explanation: The judge’s official decision that settles a family law issue. Example: The adjudication established the mother as the custodial parent and ordered child support from the father.

Explanation: The judge’s official decision that settles a family law issue. Example: The adjudication established the mother as the custodial parent and ordered child support from the father.

Example: The adjudication established the mother as the custodial parent and ordered child support from the father.

Español: adjudication

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adjudication.

ADJUDICATED PARENT

Definition: A person whom the court has legally determined to be the child’s parent, typically through a parentage action or after genetic testing, giving that person all legal rights and responsibilities of parenthood. Explanation: Someone the judge has officially declared to be the child’s legal parent. Example: After reviewing the DNA results, the court named the man the adjudicated parent and ordered him to pay child support.

Explanation: Someone the judge has officially declared to be the child’s legal parent. Example: After reviewing the DNA results, the court named the man the adjudicated parent and ordered him to pay child support.

Example: After reviewing the DNA results, the court named the man the adjudicated parent and ordered him to pay child support.

Español: adjudicated parent

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adjudicated parent.

ADJOURN

Definition: To suspend or postpone a court proceeding, hearing, or trial to a later time or date, either by order of the judge or by agreement of the parties, usually for good cause such as allowing time for evidence, settlement discussions, or scheduling conflicts. Explanation: When the judge stops a hearing and moves it to another day or time. Example: The custody trial was adjourned until the following month to give the evaluator time to complete the home study.

Explanation: When the judge stops a hearing and moves it to another day or time. Example: The custody trial was adjourned until the following month to give the evaluator time to complete the home study.

Example: The custody trial was adjourned until the following month to give the evaluator time to complete the home study.

Español: adjourn

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adjourn.

ADJOURNMENT

Definition: The formal act of suspending or postponing a court session, hearing, or trial until a later specified time or date; in family law, adjournments may be granted to allow additional time for mediation, evidence gathering, or the availability of witnesses. Explanation: The official pause or delay of a court case until another date. Example: The judge granted an adjournment of the divorce hearing so the parents could attend mediation.

Explanation: The official pause or delay of a court case until another date. Example: The judge granted an adjournment of the divorce hearing so the parents could attend mediation.

Example: The judge granted an adjournment of the divorce hearing so the parents could attend mediation.

Español: adjournment

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adjournment.

ADJUDICATE

Definition: To hear and decide a case or issue in a formal legal proceeding, rendering a binding judgment or order; in family law, judges adjudicate matters such as custody disputes, child support, visitation rights, domestic violence restraining orders, and parentage. Explanation: For a judge to officially decide a legal issue and make it binding. Example: The family court adjudicated the father’s petition for joint custody after reviewing all the evidence.

Explanation: For a judge to officially decide a legal issue and make it binding. Example: The family court adjudicated the father’s petition for joint custody after reviewing all the evidence.

Example: The family court adjudicated the father’s petition for joint custody after reviewing all the evidence.

Español: adjudicate

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adjudicate.

ADJUSTMENT

Definition: A modification or change ordered by the court or agreed upon by the parties to reflect new circumstances; in family law, adjustments often apply to child support, spousal support, or parenting time schedules when conditions affecting the family change. Explanation: A change made to payments or schedules because of new situations in the family. Example: The court ordered an adjustment to child support after the father lost his job and the mother’s income increased.

Explanation: A change made to payments or schedules because of new situations in the family. Example: The court ordered an adjustment to child support after the father lost his job and the mother’s income increased.

Example: The court ordered an adjustment to child support after the father lost his job and the mother’s income increased.

Español: adjustment

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adjustment.

ADMINISTER AN OATH

Definition: The formal act by which a judge, clerk, or other authorized officer requires a witness, party, or interpreter to swear or affirm that the testimony or statements they provide will be truthful; in family law, this occurs before giving evidence in hearings on custody, support, or domestic violence. Explanation: When the judge or clerk has someone promise to tell the truth before speaking in court. Example: Before testifying about the child’s living conditions, the social worker was required to administer an oath.

Explanation: When the judge or clerk has someone promise to tell the truth before speaking in court. Example: Before testifying about the child’s living conditions, the social worker was required to administer an oath.

Example: Before testifying about the child’s living conditions, the social worker was required to administer an oath.

Español: administer an oath

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con administer an oath.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE COURTS

Definition: The central agency responsible for supporting the operation of the judicial branch, including management of budgets, court administration, training, and policy implementation; in family law, this office often oversees family court services, interpreter programs, and standard forms used statewide. Explanation: The main office that manages how courts run and provides support for family law cases and other court matters. Example: The Administrative Office of the Courts issued new guidelines for mediation in child custody disputes.

Explanation: The main office that manages how courts run and provides support for family law cases and other court matters. Example: The Administrative Office of the Courts issued new guidelines for mediation in child custody disputes.

Example: The Administrative Office of the Courts issued new guidelines for mediation in child custody disputes.

Español: administrative office of the courts

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con administrative office of the courts.

ADMISSIBILITY

Definition: The legal standard determining whether evidence may be considered by the court, based on rules of relevance, reliability, and conformity with statutes or procedural rules; in family law, admissibility governs whether items such as school records, medical reports, or witness testimony can be used in custody or support hearings. Explanation: Whether the judge is allowed to accept and consider certain evidence in a case. Example: The court ruled on the admissibility of the child’s therapy records during the custody dispute.

Explanation: Whether the judge is allowed to accept and consider certain evidence in a case. Example: The court ruled on the admissibility of the child’s therapy records during the custody dispute.

Example: The court ruled on the admissibility of the child’s therapy records during the custody dispute.

Español: admissibility

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ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE

Definition: Evidence that meets legal requirements of relevance, reliability, and compliance with evidentiary rules, allowing it to be introduced and considered by the court; in family law, admissible evidence may include financial records, witness testimony, school reports, or expert evaluations directly related to custody, support, or visitation issues. Explanation: Evidence the judge is legally allowed to accept and use in making a decision. Example: The judge admitted the parenting coordinator’s report as admissible evidence in the custody trial.

Explanation: Evidence the judge is legally allowed to accept and use in making a decision. Example: The judge admitted the parenting coordinator’s report as admissible evidence in the custody trial.

Example: The judge admitted the parenting coordinator’s report as admissible evidence in the custody trial.

Español: admissible evidence

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con admissible evidence.

ADMONISH

Definition: A formal warning or caution given by a judge to a party, witness, or attorney about their conduct, responsibilities, or rights during legal proceedings; in family law, admonishments may remind parents not to discuss the case with children or warn litigants to follow court orders. Explanation: When the judge officially warns someone in court about rules or behavior. Example: The judge admonished both parents not to make negative comments about each other in front of the child.

Explanation: When the judge officially warns someone in court about rules or behavior. Example: The judge admonished both parents not to make negative comments about each other in front of the child.

Example: The judge admonished both parents not to make negative comments about each other in front of the child.

Español: admonish

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ADOPT

Definition: In family law, the legal process by which an adult becomes the lawful parent of a child who is not biologically theirs, creating permanent parental rights and responsibilities and terminating the rights of the biological parents unless otherwise provided by statute. Explanation: When a court makes someone the legal parent of a child who is not their biological child. Example: The stepfather petitioned the court to adopt his wife’s child, and the judge granted the adoption.

Explanation: When a court makes someone the legal parent of a child who is not their biological child. Example: The stepfather petitioned the court to adopt his wife’s child, and the judge granted the adoption.

Example: The stepfather petitioned the court to adopt his wife’s child, and the judge granted the adoption.

Español: adopt

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adopt.

ADOPTION

Definition: A judicial process that permanently establishes a legal parent-child relationship between the adoptee and the adoptive parent(s), conferring all parental rights and responsibilities while usually terminating the rights of the biological parents; governed by statutes requiring consents, investigations, and a final decree. Explanation: When the court makes new parents the child’s legal parents forever, giving them all rights and duties. Example: The family court finalized the adoption of the child after reviewing the home study and consents.

Explanation: When the court makes new parents the child’s legal parents forever, giving them all rights and duties. Example: The family court finalized the adoption of the child after reviewing the home study and consents.

Example: The family court finalized the adoption of the child after reviewing the home study and consents.

Español: adopción

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ADULT ADOPTION

Definition: An adoption where the person being adopted is over the age of majority, often to formalize an existing parent–child relationship. Explanation: Adopting someone who is already an adult. Example: The court approved the adult adoption of the caregiver’s former foster youth.

Explanation: Adopting someone who is already an adult. Example: The court approved the adult adoption of the caregiver’s former foster youth.

Example: The court approved the adult adoption of the caregiver’s former foster youth.

Español: adult adopción

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adult adopción.

ADOPTION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (AAP)

Definition: A state program that provides financial support to families who adopt children with special needs. Explanation: Money and benefits to help adoptive families. Example: The parents received monthly payments under the Adoption Assistance Program.

Explanation: Money and benefits to help adoptive families. Example: The parents received monthly payments under the Adoption Assistance Program.

Example: The parents received monthly payments under the Adoption Assistance Program.

Español: adopción assistance program (aap)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adopción assistance program (aap).

ADOPTION FINALIZATION

Definition: The court’s formal approval and entry of a final decree of adoption, which completes the adoption process, grants the adoptive parents full legal parental rights and responsibilities, and authorizes the issuance of a new birth certificate for the child. Explanation: The judge’s official order that makes the adoption complete and permanent. Example: At the hearing, the judge signed the order of adoption finalization, giving the parents full legal rights to the child.

Explanation: The judge’s official order that makes the adoption complete and permanent. Example: At the hearing, the judge signed the order of adoption finalization, giving the parents full legal rights to the child.

Example: At the hearing, the judge signed the order of adoption finalization, giving the parents full legal rights to the child.

Español: adopción finalization

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adopción finalization.

ADOPTION HOME STUDY

Definition: A professional assessment of the prospective adoptive family and home to determine suitability for adoption. Explanation: A social worker reviews the family and home before adoption. Example: The home study recommended the couple for adoption.

Explanation: A social worker reviews the family and home before adoption. Example: The home study recommended the couple for adoption.

Example: The home study recommended the couple for adoption.

Español: adopción home study

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adopción home study.

ADOPTION PETITION

Definition: A formal request filed in court to begin the adoption process. Explanation: Paperwork to ask the court to approve an adoption. Example: They filed an adoption petition to adopt their foster child.

Explanation: Paperwork to ask the court to approve an adoption. Example: They filed an adoption petition to adopt their foster child.

Example: They filed an adoption petition to adopt their foster child.

Español: adopción petition

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adopción petition.

ADOPTION SUBSIDY

Definition: Financial assistance given to adoptive parents to support the child’s needs. Explanation: Money to help pay for the costs of raising an adopted child. Example: The family applied for an adoption subsidy to cover medical costs.

Explanation: Money to help pay for the costs of raising an adopted child. Example: The family applied for an adoption subsidy to cover medical costs.

Example: The family applied for an adoption subsidy to cover medical costs.

Español: adopción subsidy

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con adopción subsidy.

ADVOCACY

Definition: The act of representing, supporting, or arguing for the legal rights and interests of a party in court or related proceedings; in family law, advocacy involves presenting evidence, making arguments, and protecting the welfare of children or parents in matters such as custody, visitation, support, or protection orders. Explanation: Speaking or acting in court to defend or support someone’s legal rights. Example: The attorney’s advocacy focused on demonstrating that joint custody would serve the child’s best interests.

Explanation: Speaking or acting in court to defend or support someone’s legal rights. Example: The attorney’s advocacy focused on demonstrating that joint custody would serve the child’s best interests.

Example: The attorney’s advocacy focused on demonstrating that joint custody would serve the child’s best interests.

Español: advocacy

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con advocacy.

AFFIDAVIT

Definition: A written statement made under oath or affirmation and used as evidence in court. Explanation: A sworn written statement for the judge to consider. Example: She filed an affidavit describing the child’s medical needs.

Explanation: A sworn written statement for the judge to consider. Example: She filed an affidavit describing the child’s medical needs.

Example: She filed an affidavit describing the child’s medical needs.

Español: affidavit

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AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE (PROOF OF SERVICE)

Definition: A sworn statement confirming that legal papers were properly delivered to a party. Explanation: A signed statement that the other side was served correctly. Example: She filed an affidavit of service after serving the petition.

Explanation: A signed statement that the other side was served correctly. Example: She filed an affidavit of service after serving the petition.

Example: She filed an affidavit of service after serving the petition.

Español: affidavit of service (constancia de notificación)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con affidavit of service (constancia de notificación).

AFFIRMATION

Definition: A formal declaration that a statement is true, made by a person who declines to take an oath for religious or personal reasons; in family law, affirmations are often used by witnesses, parties, or professionals submitting reports or testifying in court. Explanation: A solemn promise to tell the truth without using a religious oath. Example: The custody evaluator gave an affirmation before testifying about the child’s living arrangements.

Explanation: A solemn promise to tell the truth without using a religious oath. Example: The custody evaluator gave an affirmation before testifying about the child’s living arrangements.

Example: The custody evaluator gave an affirmation before testifying about the child’s living arrangements.

Español: affirmation

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AFOREMENTIONED

Definition: A legal drafting term used to refer back to a person, party, or matter already identified earlier in the same document, such as a petition, order, or contract, to avoid repetition of full names or details. Explanation: A way of saying “the person or thing already mentioned earlier in the document.” Example: The decree stated that the aforementioned minor child would reside primarily with the mother.

Explanation: A way of saying “the person or thing already mentioned earlier in the document.” Example: The decree stated that the aforementioned minor child would reside primarily with the mother.

Example: The decree stated that the aforementioned minor child would reside primarily with the mother.

Español: aforementioned

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con aforementioned.

AFORESAID

Definition: A formal legal term used in pleadings, contracts, and court orders to refer to a person, party, fact, or matter that has already been mentioned earlier in the same document. Explanation: Another way of saying “the person or thing already stated above in this document.” Example: The order required the aforesaid respondent to pay child support according to the schedule set by the court.

Explanation: Another way of saying “the person or thing already stated above in this document.” Example: The order required the aforesaid respondent to pay child support according to the schedule set by the court.

Example: The order required the aforesaid respondent to pay child support according to the schedule set by the court.

Español: aforesaid

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con aforesaid.

AGE OF MAJORITY

Definition: The age at which a person is considered a legal adult, ending parental legal responsibilities in many contexts. Explanation: The birthday when the law treats you as an adult. Example: Support ended when the child reached the age of majority.

Explanation: The birthday when the law treats you as an adult. Example: Support ended when the child reached the age of majority.

Example: Support ended when the child reached the age of majority.

Español: age of majority

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con age of majority.

AGENCY ADOPTION

Definition: An adoption arranged through a licensed public or private adoption agency. Explanation: The process of adopting a child through an official agency. Example: They completed an agency adoption through the county social services department.

Explanation: The process of adopting a child through an official agency. Example: They completed an agency adoption through the county social services department.

Example: They completed an agency adoption through the county social services department.

Español: agency adopción

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con agency adopción.

AGREE

Definition: To express mutual consent or acceptance of terms between parties, either orally or in writing; in family law, agreements often cover custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, or property division, and may be incorporated into a court order or judgment. Explanation: When two or more people accept the same plan or terms, often in writing for the court. Example: The parents agreed to a shared custody arrangement, and the court entered their agreement as an order.

Explanation: When two or more people accept the same plan or terms, often in writing for the court. Example: The parents agreed to a shared custody arrangement, and the court entered their agreement as an order.

Example: The parents agreed to a shared custody arrangement, and the court entered their agreement as an order.

Español: agree

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con agree.

AGREED JUDGMENT (STIPULATED JUDGMENT)

Definition: A court order reflecting an agreement between the parties that resolves some or all issues. Explanation: Both sides agree and the judge signs it as a court order. Example: The parties submitted a stipulated judgment for custody and support.

Explanation: Both sides agree and the judge signs it as a court order. Example: The parties submitted a stipulated judgment for custody and support.

Example: The parties submitted a stipulated judgment for custody and support.

Español: agreed judgment (stipulated judgment)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con agreed judgment (stipulated judgment).

AGREED PARENTING PLAN

Definition: A written agreement between parents outlining custody, visitation schedules, and decision-making authority regarding their child, usually approved by the court. Explanation: A written plan parents make about custody and visitation, approved by a judge. Example: The court approved the agreed parenting plan that gave both parents equal visitation rights.

Explanation: A written plan parents make about custody and visitation, approved by a judge. Example: The court approved the agreed parenting plan that gave both parents equal visitation rights.

Example: The court approved the agreed parenting plan that gave both parents equal visitation rights.

Español: agreed parenting plan

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con agreed parenting plan.

AGREEMENT

Definition: A mutual understanding or contract between two or more parties, either oral or written, that creates enforceable obligations; in family law, agreements often address custody, visitation schedules, child support, spousal support, or division of marital property, and may be incorporated into a final judgment. Explanation: A deal or understanding between people that sets out what each side must do, often written and approved by the court. Example: The divorcing spouses signed a settlement agreement dividing property and setting child support, which the court approved.

Explanation: A deal or understanding between people that sets out what each side must do, often written and approved by the court. Example: The divorcing spouses signed a settlement agreement dividing property and setting child support, which the court approved.

Example: The divorcing spouses signed a settlement agreement dividing property and setting child support, which the court approved.

Español: agreement

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con agreement.

ALIMONY (SPOUSAL SUPPORT)

Definition: Money one spouse may be ordered to pay the other for support during or after separation or divorce. Explanation: Payments to help support a spouse. Example: The court ordered temporary spousal support during the case.

Explanation: Payments to help support a spouse. Example: The court ordered temporary spousal support during the case.

Example: The court ordered temporary spousal support during the case.

Español: alimony (manutención conyugal)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con alimony (manutención conyugal).

ALLEGATION

Definition: A statement of fact or claim made by a party in a pleading, petition, or motion, which has not yet been proven and must be supported by evidence; in family law, allegations often involve claims of abuse, neglect, domestic violence, or failure to support. Explanation: Something a person says in court papers that still needs to be proven with evidence. Example: The mother’s petition for custody included an allegation that the father had exposed the child to domestic violence.

Explanation: Something a person says in court papers that still needs to be proven with evidence. Example: The mother’s petition for custody included an allegation that the father had exposed the child to domestic violence.

Example: The mother’s petition for custody included an allegation that the father had exposed the child to domestic violence.

Español: allegation

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con allegation.

ALLEGATIONS OF ABUSE

Definition: Claims made in a family law case that a parent, guardian, or household member has physically, emotionally, or sexually harmed a child or partner. Explanation: A statement saying someone in the family has abused another person. Example: The father denied the allegations of abuse raised during the custody hearing.

Explanation: A statement saying someone in the family has abused another person. Example: The father denied the allegations of abuse raised during the custody hearing.

Example: The father denied the allegations of abuse raised during the custody hearing.

Español: allegations of abuse

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con allegations of abuse.

ALLEGE

Definition: To formally assert or claim something as fact in a pleading, motion, or testimony, subject to proof at trial; in family law, parties may allege issues such as abuse, neglect, interference with visitation, or failure to provide support. Explanation: To officially state in court papers or testimony that something happened, even though it still must be proven. Example: In her divorce petition, the wife alleged that the husband failed to pay child support for several months.

Explanation: To officially state in court papers or testimony that something happened, even though it still must be proven. Example: In her divorce petition, the wife alleged that the husband failed to pay child support for several months.

Example: In her divorce petition, the wife alleged that the husband failed to pay child support for several months.

Español: allege

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con allege.

ALLEGED PARENT

Definition: A person who is claimed to be a child’s parent but whose legal parentage has not yet been established. Explanation: Someone said to be a parent before the law decides. Example: Genetic testing was ordered for the alleged parent.

Explanation: Someone said to be a parent before the law decides. Example: Genetic testing was ordered for the alleged parent.

Example: Genetic testing was ordered for the alleged parent.

Español: alleged parent

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ALLOCUTION

Definition: A formal statement made personally by a party directly to the judge before the imposition of sanctions; in family law, allocution may occur in contempt proceedings, such as when a parent has violated custody or support orders, allowing them to explain or plead for leniency. Explanation: When a person speaks directly to the judge before being punished, to explain themselves or ask for a lighter outcome. Example: After being found in contempt for failing to pay child support, the father was given the chance for allocution before the judge imposed sanctions.

Explanation: When a person speaks directly to the judge before being punished, to explain themselves or ask for a lighter outcome. Example: After being found in contempt for failing to pay child support, the father was given the chance for allocution before the judge imposed sanctions.

Example: After being found in contempt for failing to pay child support, the father was given the chance for allocution before the judge imposed sanctions.

Español: allocution

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con allocution.

ALSO KNOWN AS (AKA)

Definition: A legal designation used to indicate alternative names, aliases, or variations of a person’s identity in court documents, ensuring clarity and preventing confusion in records; in family law, it may appear in petitions, orders, or judgments when a party or child is known by more than one name. Explanation: A way of showing that someone is known by another name in legal papers. Example: The custody order listed the mother as “Maria Lopez, also known as Maria Torres (AKA),” to match the child’s school records.

Explanation: A way of showing that someone is known by another name in legal papers. Example: The custody order listed the mother as “Maria Lopez, also known as Maria Torres (AKA),” to match the child’s school records.

Example: The custody order listed the mother as “Maria Lopez, also known as Maria Torres (AKA),” to match the child’s school records.

Español: also known as (aka)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con also known as (aka).

ALTERNATIVE CUSTODY ARRANGEMENT

Definition: A nontraditional custody plan ordered by the court, such as split custody, bird’s nest custody, or rotating schedules, designed to meet the child’s best interests. Explanation: A different type of custody plan instead of the usual sole or joint custody. Example: The judge approved an alternative custody arrangement where the child stayed in one home while the parents rotated in and out.

Explanation: A different type of custody plan instead of the usual sole or joint custody. Example: The judge approved an alternative custody arrangement where the child stayed in one home while the parents rotated in and out.

Example: The judge approved an alternative custody arrangement where the child stayed in one home while the parents rotated in and out.

Español: alternative custodia arrangement

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con alternative custodia arrangement.

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)

Definition: Ways to resolve disputes outside of trial, such as mediation, settlement conferences, or arbitration. Explanation: Solving the case without a full trial, often by mediation. Example: The parties resolved parenting time through mediation as ADR.

Explanation: Solving the case without a full trial, often by mediation. Example: The parties resolved parenting time through mediation as ADR.

Example: The parties resolved parenting time through mediation as ADR.

Español: alternative dispute resolution (adr)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con alternative dispute resolution (adr).

AMEND

Definition: To formally change, revise, or add to a legal document, such as a pleading, petition, motion, or court order, usually with the court’s permission; in family law, amendments are often made to custody petitions, support requests, or divorce pleadings to reflect new facts or relief sought. Explanation: To officially change or update a legal document filed in court. Example: The mother filed a motion to amend her custody petition to include new allegations of neglect.

Explanation: To officially change or update a legal document filed in court. Example: The mother filed a motion to amend her custody petition to include new allegations of neglect.

Example: The mother filed a motion to amend her custody petition to include new allegations of neglect.

Español: amend

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con amend.

AMENDED PETITION

Definition: A revised pleading that changes or adds to the claims or facts in the original petition. Explanation: An updated version of the first court filing. Example: She filed an amended petition to add a request for relocation.

Explanation: An updated version of the first court filing. Example: She filed an amended petition to add a request for relocation.

Example: She filed an amended petition to add a request for relocation.

Español: amended petition

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ANNULMENT

Definition: A court decision that a marriage is legally void, as if it never happened. Explanation: The marriage is erased because it was not legally valid. Example: She sought an annulment based on fraud.

Explanation: The marriage is erased because it was not legally valid. Example: She sought an annulment based on fraud.

Example: She sought an annulment based on fraud.

Español: annulment

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ANSWER

Definition: A written response to a petition or complaint that admits or denies allegations. Explanation: The other side’s written reply to what you filed. Example: He filed an answer denying the allegations of abuse.

Explanation: The other side’s written reply to what you filed. Example: He filed an answer denying the allegations of abuse.

Example: He filed an answer denying the allegations of abuse.

Español: answer

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con answer.

ANSWER (TO A COMPLAINT)

Definition: A formal written response filed by the respondent to a complaint or petition, in which each allegation is admitted, denied, or otherwise addressed, and any defenses or counterclaims may be raised; in family law, an answer may respond to claims for divorce, custody, support, or restraining orders. Explanation: The official paper a person files to reply to what the other side said in their complaint, either agreeing or disagreeing. Example: The father filed his answer to the custody complaint, denying the allegations of neglect and requesting joint legal custody.

Explanation: The official paper a person files to reply to what the other side said in their complaint, either agreeing or disagreeing. Example: The father filed his answer to the custody complaint, denying the allegations of neglect and requesting joint legal custody.

Example: The father filed his answer to the custody complaint, denying the allegations of neglect and requesting joint legal custody.

Español: answer (to a complaint)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con answer (to a complaint).

APPEAL

Definition: A request asking a higher court to review and change a lower court’s decision. Explanation: Asking another court to look at the judge’s decision and fix errors. Example: She filed an appeal after the custody order was entered.

Explanation: Asking another court to look at the judge’s decision and fix errors. Example: She filed an appeal after the custody order was entered.

Example: She filed an appeal after the custody order was entered.

Español: apelación

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con apelación.

APPEALS COURT

Definition: A higher court that reviews the decisions of lower courts to determine whether legal errors occurred that affected the outcome; in family law, an appeals court may review rulings on custody, child support, spousal support, property division, or protective orders to ensure the trial court applied the law correctly. Explanation: A court that checks if a lower court made mistakes in applying the law. Example: The appeals court reversed the trial court’s custody decision because the judge failed to consider the child’s best interests.

Explanation: A court that checks if a lower court made mistakes in applying the law. Example: The appeals court reversed the trial court’s custody decision because the judge failed to consider the child’s best interests.

Example: The appeals court reversed the trial court’s custody decision because the judge failed to consider the child’s best interests.

Español: apelacións court

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con apelacións court.

APPEARANCE

Definition: A party’s formal participation in a case, often by filing a notice or attending a hearing. Explanation: Letting the court know you are part of the case. Example: Counsel filed a notice of appearance for the respondent.

Explanation: Letting the court know you are part of the case. Example: Counsel filed a notice of appearance for the respondent.

Example: Counsel filed a notice of appearance for the respondent.

Español: appearance

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APPELLANT

Definition: The party who files an appeal, asking a higher court to review and change the decision of a lower court; in family law, an appellant may challenge rulings on custody, visitation, support, property division, or protective orders. Explanation: The person who lost or disagrees with a lower court’s decision and asks a higher court to review it. Example: The father, as appellant, argued that the trial court abused its discretion by denying him joint custody.

Explanation: The person who lost or disagrees with a lower court’s decision and asks a higher court to review it. Example: The father, as appellant, argued that the trial court abused its discretion by denying him joint custody.

Example: The father, as appellant, argued that the trial court abused its discretion by denying him joint custody.

Español: appellant

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APPELLATE COURT

Definition: A court with the authority to review the decisions of lower courts to determine whether the law was applied correctly; in family law, appellate courts examine issues such as custody determinations, child support calculations, spousal support awards, or property division to ensure fairness and compliance with statutes. Explanation: A higher court that reviews lower court decisions to check for legal mistakes. Example: The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s order granting the mother sole legal custody.

Explanation: A higher court that reviews lower court decisions to check for legal mistakes. Example: The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s order granting the mother sole legal custody.

Example: The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s order granting the mother sole legal custody.

Español: appellate court

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APPELLATE DIVISION

Definition: A specific section or panel of an appellate court designated to hear appeals within a certain jurisdiction or subject matter; in family law, the appellate division reviews trial court rulings on matters such as custody, child support, spousal support, and domestic violence orders to determine if legal error occurred. Explanation: A part of the appeals court that handles cases from a certain area or subject. Example: The appellate division upheld the trial court’s decision awarding joint custody despite the father’s objections.

Explanation: A part of the appeals court that handles cases from a certain area or subject. Example: The appellate division upheld the trial court’s decision awarding joint custody despite the father’s objections.

Example: The appellate division upheld the trial court’s decision awarding joint custody despite the father’s objections.

Español: appellate division

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APPELLATE REVIEW

Definition: The process by which a higher court examines the decision of a lower court to determine whether legal or procedural errors occurred that affected the outcome; in family law, appellate review may address rulings on custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, property division, or protective orders. Explanation: When a higher court looks at a lower court’s decision to check if the law was applied correctly. Example: The appellate review concluded that the trial court erred by failing to consider evidence of domestic violence in the custody decision.

Explanation: When a higher court looks at a lower court’s decision to check if the law was applied correctly. Example: The appellate review concluded that the trial court erred by failing to consider evidence of domestic violence in the custody decision.

Example: The appellate review concluded that the trial court erred by failing to consider evidence of domestic violence in the custody decision.

Español: appellate review

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APPLICANT

Definition: A person who formally submits a request or petition to a court or authority seeking relief, benefits, or an order; in family law, an applicant may seek custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, adoption, or a protective order. Explanation: The person who files papers in court asking for a legal decision or help. Example: The applicant filed a petition for a restraining order to protect herself and her children from domestic violence.

Explanation: The person who files papers in court asking for a legal decision or help. Example: The applicant filed a petition for a restraining order to protect herself and her children from domestic violence.

Example: The applicant filed a petition for a restraining order to protect herself and her children from domestic violence.

Español: applicant

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APPLICATION

Definition: A formal written request submitted to a court or authority asking for a specific order or relief; in family law, an application may seek custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, adoption approval, or modification of an existing order. Explanation: A paper filed in court asking the judge to decide or grant something. Example: The mother filed an application to modify child support after losing her job.

Explanation: A paper filed in court asking the judge to decide or grant something. Example: The mother filed an application to modify child support after losing her job.

Example: The mother filed an application to modify child support after losing her job.

Español: application

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APPOINT

Definition: To designate or assign a person to a particular role or duty by authority of the court; in family law, the court may appoint a guardian ad litem, custody evaluator, mediator, or attorney to represent the child’s or a party’s best interests. Explanation: When the judge officially chooses someone to take a legal role in a case. Example: The court decided to appoint Minor’s Counsel to represent the child’s best interests in the custody dispute.

Explanation: When the judge officially chooses someone to take a legal role in a case. Example: The court decided to appoint Minor’s Counsel to represent the child’s best interests in the custody dispute.

Example: The court decided to appoint Minor’s Counsel to represent the child’s best interests in the custody dispute.

Español: appoint

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APPROVAL

Definition: The formal acceptance or authorization of a request, agreement, or action by a court or authority; in family law, approval is often required for adoption petitions, settlement agreements, parenting plans, or relocation requests. Explanation: When the court officially agrees to or allows something. Example: The judge gave approval for the parents’ mediated parenting plan to become a court order.

Explanation: When the court officially agrees to or allows something. Example: The judge gave approval for the parents’ mediated parenting plan to become a court order.

Example: The judge gave approval for the parents’ mediated parenting plan to become a court order.

Español: approval

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ARBITRATION

Definition: A private process where a neutral arbitrator makes a binding decision on disputed issues. Explanation: A neutral person listens and decides the case outside court. Example: They agreed to arbitration for dividing property.

Explanation: A neutral person listens and decides the case outside court. Example: They agreed to arbitration for dividing property.

Example: They agreed to arbitration for dividing property.

Español: arbitration

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ARGUE

Definition: To present reasons, evidence, and legal authority in support of a party’s position before the court; in family law, attorneys or self-represented parties argue issues such as custody, visitation schedules, support amounts, or protective orders. Explanation: To explain to the judge why your side is correct, using facts and law. Example: The mother’s attorney argued that granting sole custody to her was in the child’s best interests due to the father’s history of domestic violence.

Explanation: To explain to the judge why your side is correct, using facts and law. Example: The mother’s attorney argued that granting sole custody to her was in the child’s best interests due to the father’s history of domestic violence.

Example: The mother’s attorney argued that granting sole custody to her was in the child’s best interests due to the father’s history of domestic violence.

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ARREARAGE (ARREARS)

Definition: Past due child or spousal support that has not been paid. Explanation: Support money that is late or unpaid. The order addressed child support arrears from last year.

Explanation: Support money that is late or unpaid. The order addressed child support arrears from last year.

Español: arrearage (arrears)

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ASSIGNMENT ORDER (EARNINGS ASSIGNMENT)

Definition: A court order directing an employer to withhold support payments directly from an employee’s wages and send them to the other parent or state disbursement unit; a common enforcement tool in child and spousal support cases. Explanation: An order telling an employer to take support money out of a paycheck and send it where it is owed. Example: The judge issued an assignment order requiring the father’s employer to deduct child support from his wages each month.

Explanation: An order telling an employer to take support money out of a paycheck and send it where it is owed. Example: The judge issued an assignment order requiring the father’s employer to deduct child support from his wages each month.

Example: The judge issued an assignment order requiring the father’s employer to deduct child support from his wages each month.

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ASSESSMENT

Definition: An evaluation conducted to provide the court with information relevant to a case; in family law, assessments may include custody evaluations, psychological assessments, risk assessments, or financial assessments to determine support obligations or the best interests of the child. Explanation: A professional evaluation that helps the judge decide important issues in a family law case. Example: The court ordered a psychological assessment of both parents to determine their ability to meet the child’s needs.

Explanation: A professional evaluation that helps the judge decide important issues in a family law case. Example: The court ordered a psychological assessment of both parents to determine their ability to meet the child’s needs.

Example: The court ordered a psychological assessment of both parents to determine their ability to meet the child’s needs.

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ASSET DIVISION

Definition: The distribution of marital or community property between spouses during divorce. Explanation: Splitting what the couple owns when they divorce. Example: Asset division included the house equity and retirement accounts.

Explanation: Splitting what the couple owns when they divorce. Example: Asset division included the house equity and retirement accounts.

Example: Asset division included the house equity and retirement accounts.

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ASSETS

Definition: All property, tangible or intangible, owned by a person and subject to disclosure and division in family law proceedings; assets may include real estate, bank accounts, retirement funds, vehicles, and personal property, and are characterized as marital, community, or separate depending on jurisdiction. Explanation: Things of value that a person owns, which the court may divide in divorce. Example: The court required both spouses to disclose all assets, including retirement accounts and the family home, before dividing property.

Explanation: Things of value that a person owns, which the court may divide in divorce. Example: The court required both spouses to disclose all assets, including retirement accounts and the family home, before dividing property.

Example: The court required both spouses to disclose all assets, including retirement accounts and the family home, before dividing property.

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ASSIGNED COUNSEL

Definition: An attorney appointed by the court to represent a party who cannot afford legal representation, often in proceedings where fundamental rights are at stake, such as custody, termination of parental rights, or contempt actions. Explanation: A lawyer chosen by the court to help someone who cannot pay for one. Example: The court appointed assigned counsel to represent the mother in the termination of parental rights hearing.

Explanation: A lawyer chosen by the court to help someone who cannot pay for one. Example: The court appointed assigned counsel to represent the mother in the termination of parental rights hearing.

Example: The court appointed assigned counsel to represent the mother in the termination of parental rights hearing.

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ASSIGNMENT JUDGE

Definition: A judge with administrative authority to assign cases to other judges within a court or division; in family law, the assignment judge may control the calendar and ensure proper distribution of cases like custody or support matters. Explanation: The judge responsible for deciding which cases go to which courtroom. Example: The assignment judge directed that all contested custody cases be scheduled for hearing within 90 days.

Explanation: The judge responsible for deciding which cases go to which courtroom. Example: The assignment judge directed that all contested custody cases be scheduled for hearing within 90 days.

Example: The assignment judge directed that all contested custody cases be scheduled for hearing within 90 days.

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ASSIGNMENT OF SUPPORT RIGHTS

Definition: The transfer of a person’s legal right to collect child support or spousal support to a governmental agency, usually as a condition of receiving public assistance; the agency then seeks reimbursement from the obligated parent. Explanation: When someone gives the government the right to collect support payments on their behalf. Example: By accepting public assistance, the mother executed an assignment of support rights to the state agency.

Explanation: When someone gives the government the right to collect support payments on their behalf. Example: By accepting public assistance, the mother executed an assignment of support rights to the state agency.

Example: By accepting public assistance, the mother executed an assignment of support rights to the state agency.

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ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

Definition: Medical methods such as IVF or insemination used to help conceive a child, often with legal agreements. Explanation: Medical help like IVF to have a baby, with legal rules. Example: They signed an assisted reproduction agreement before the IVF cycle.

Explanation: Medical help like IVF to have a baby, with legal rules. Example: They signed an assisted reproduction agreement before the IVF cycle.

Example: They signed an assisted reproduction agreement before the IVF cycle.

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ASSUME

Definition: To take on an obligation, duty, or responsibility, either voluntarily or by order of the court; in family law, this may include assuming custody, financial support, or legal responsibilities for a child or spouse. Explanation: To accept or take on a duty or responsibility in a case. Example: The stepfather agreed to assume financial responsibility for the child as part of the adoption process.

Explanation: To accept or take on a duty or responsibility in a case. Example: The stepfather agreed to assume financial responsibility for the child as part of the adoption process.

Example: The stepfather agreed to assume financial responsibility for the child as part of the adoption process.

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ASSUMPTION

Definition: The act of taking over an existing obligation, responsibility, or role; in family law, assumption may refer to a party taking over child support, spousal support, or caregiving duties by agreement or court order. Explanation: When someone takes on a duty or role that was previously another’s. Example: The mother sought a court order for the father’s assumption of medical expenses for their child. ATROs (Automatic Temporary Restraining Orders) Immediate injunctions that go into effect upon filing of certain family law cases to prevent asset transfer, child removal, and harassment. Explanation: Automatic rules that stop major changes or harassment once a case is filed. Example: The ATROs prevented either party from moving the child out of state.

Explanation: When someone takes on a duty or role that was previously another’s. Example: The mother sought a court order for the father’s assumption of medical expenses for their child. ATROs (Automatic Temporary Restraining Orders) Definition: Immediate injunctions that go into effect upon filing of certain family law cases to prevent asset transfer, child removal, and harassment. Automatic rules that stop major changes or harassment once a case is filed. Example: The ATROs prevented either party from moving the child out of state.

Example: The mother sought a court order for the father’s assumption of medical expenses for their child. ATROs (Automatic Temporary Restraining Orders) Definition: Immediate injunctions that go into effect upon filing of certain family law cases to prevent asset transfer, child removal, and harassment. Explanation: Automatic rules that stop major changes or harassment once a case is filed. The ATROs prevented either party from moving the child out of state.

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ATTACHED

Definition: A legal term indicating that a document, exhibit, or schedule is physically or electronically included with a pleading, petition, or court filing; in family law, attachments often include financial statements, parenting plans, or supporting evidence. Explanation: Something added to court papers, like a document or schedule. Example: The parenting plan was attached to the divorce petition for the judge’s review.

Explanation: Something added to court papers, like a document or schedule. Example: The parenting plan was attached to the divorce petition for the judge’s review.

Example: The parenting plan was attached to the divorce petition for the judge’s review.

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ATTEST

Definition: To formally declare or certify that a document, signature, or statement is genuine, accurate, or true, usually by signing as a witness or official; in family law, clerks and notaries often attest to affidavits, agreements, or sworn statements. Explanation: To officially confirm that something is true or properly signed. Example: The clerk attested to the mother’s signature on the voluntary parentage acknowledgment.

Explanation: To officially confirm that something is true or properly signed. Example: The clerk attested to the mother’s signature on the voluntary parentage acknowledgment.

Example: The clerk attested to the mother’s signature on the voluntary parentage acknowledgment.

Español: attest

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ATTORNEY

Definition: A person licensed by the state to practice law and represent clients in legal proceedings; in family law, attorneys advise and advocate for parties in matters such as divorce, custody, child support, spousal support, adoption, and protective orders. Explanation: A lawyer who represents and advises someone in a family law case. Example: The mother hired an attorney to represent her in the custody dispute.

Explanation: A lawyer who represents and advises someone in a family law case. Example: The mother hired an attorney to represent her in the custody dispute.

Example: The mother hired an attorney to represent her in the custody dispute.

Español: attorney

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ATTORNEY OF RECORD

Definition: The lawyer officially designated in court filings as representing a party in a case; the attorney of record receives all legal notices, is responsible for pleadings, and appears formally in the proceedings. Explanation: The lawyer officially listed in court documents as the representative for a party. Example: All motions were served on the father’s attorney of record, as required by court rules.

Explanation: The lawyer officially listed in court documents as the representative for a party. Example: All motions were served on the father’s attorney of record, as required by court rules.

Example: All motions were served on the father’s attorney of record, as required by court rules.

Español: attorney of record

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ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE

Definition: A legal doctrine that protects confidential communications between an attorney and their client made for the purpose of obtaining or giving legal advice; in family law, this privilege prevents disclosure of private discussions about custody, divorce strategy, or settlement negotiations. Explanation: A rule that keeps what a client tells their lawyer private and protected from disclosure. Example: The mother’s discussions with her attorney about settlement strategy were protected by attorney-client privilege.

Explanation: A rule that keeps what a client tells their lawyer private and protected from disclosure. Example: The mother’s discussions with her attorney about settlement strategy were protected by attorney-client privilege.

Example: The mother’s discussions with her attorney about settlement strategy were protected by attorney-client privilege.

Español: attorney-client privilege

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ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS

Definition: The compensation paid for legal services and related expenses incurred in litigation, which may be ordered by the court to be paid by one party to another; in family law, fees and costs may be awarded based on financial need, ability to pay, bad faith conduct, or statutory provisions. Explanation: The money a party must pay for lawyer services and court expenses, sometimes ordered to be covered by the other side. Example: The judge ordered the father to pay a portion of the mother’s attorney’s fees and costs due to his higher income.

Explanation: The money a party must pay for lawyer services and court expenses, sometimes ordered to be covered by the other side. Example: The judge ordered the father to pay a portion of the mother’s attorney’s fees and costs due to his higher income.

Example: The judge ordered the father to pay a portion of the mother’s attorney’s fees and costs due to his higher income.

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AUTHORITY

Definition: The legal right or power granted by law, rule, or court to make decisions or take actions; in family law, authority may refer to parental authority over a child, judicial authority to issue orders, or statutory authority for enforcement. Explanation: The legal power to make decisions or act in a case. Example: The court held that it had authority to decide custody because the child had lived in the state for six months.

Explanation: The legal power to make decisions or act in a case. Example: The court held that it had authority to decide custody because the child had lived in the state for six months.

Example: The court held that it had authority to decide custody because the child had lived in the state for six months.

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AUTHORIZATION

Definition: Official permission or approval to take a specific action; in family law, authorization may include consent for medical treatment, permission to travel with a child, or court-approved access to records. Explanation: Permission granted by a court or party to do something legally. Example: The judge required written authorization before either parent could take the child out of the country.

Explanation: Permission granted by a court or party to do something legally. Example: The judge required written authorization before either parent could take the child out of the country.

Example: The judge required written authorization before either parent could take the child out of the country.

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AWARD

Definition: The decision of a court or arbitrator granting relief, rights, or money; in family law, awards may include custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, attorney’s fees, or division of property. Explanation: What the judge gives to one party in a case, such as money or custody rights. Example: The court made an award of primary physical custody to the mother and child support to be paid by the father.

Explanation: What the judge gives to one party in a case, such as money or custody rights. Example: The court made an award of primary physical custody to the mother and child support to be paid by the father.

Example: The court made an award of primary physical custody to the mother and child support to be paid by the father.

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BATTERER INTERVENTION PROGRAM (BIP)

Definition: A court-ordered educational and counseling program designed for individuals who have committed acts of domestic violence, focusing on accountability, behavior change, and prevention of future abuse; in family law, completion of a BIP may be required as part of custody or visitation orders. Explanation: A program of classes and counseling ordered by the court for people who committed domestic violence. Example: The father was required to complete a Batterer Intervention Program before unsupervised visitation could resume.

Explanation: A program of classes and counseling ordered by the court for people who committed domestic violence. Example: The father was required to complete a Batterer Intervention Program before unsupervised visitation could resume.

Example: The father was required to complete a Batterer Intervention Program before unsupervised visitation could resume.

Español: batterer intervention program (bip)

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BEHAVIORAL HEALTH EVALUATION

Definition: A professional assessment of mental health or substance use issues that may affect parenting or safety. Explanation: An expert evaluates mental health or addiction concerns related to parenting. Example: The court ordered a behavioral health evaluation before unsupervised visits.

Explanation: An expert evaluates mental health or addiction concerns related to parenting. Example: The court ordered a behavioral health evaluation before unsupervised visits.

Example: The court ordered a behavioral health evaluation before unsupervised visits.

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BENCH

Definition: The judge’s seat in a courtroom, often used as a metonym for the judicial authority itself; in family law, “the bench” refers to the judge presiding over cases such as divorce, custody, support, or domestic violence. Explanation: The place where the judge sits in court, also meaning the judge’s authority. Example: The bench emphasized that the child’s best interests are the primary concern in custody disputes.

Explanation: The place where the judge sits in court, also meaning the judge’s authority. Example: The bench emphasized that the child’s best interests are the primary concern in custody disputes.

Example: The bench emphasized that the child’s best interests are the primary concern in custody disputes.

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BENCH CONFERENCE

Definition: A private discussion at the judge’s bench between the judge and attorneys, often outside the hearing of the parties or public; in family law, bench conferences may cover sensitive issues such as evidentiary objections or settlement discussions. Explanation: A private talk between the judge and lawyers, usually not heard by others in the courtroom. Example: The judge called a bench conference to discuss whether certain testimony about the child was admissible.

Explanation: A private talk between the judge and lawyers, usually not heard by others in the courtroom. Example: The judge called a bench conference to discuss whether certain testimony about the child was admissible.

Example: The judge called a bench conference to discuss whether certain testimony about the child was admissible.

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BENCH TRIAL

Definition: A trial in which the judge, rather than a jury, serves as the factfinder, hearing the evidence and rendering a decision; in family law, most cases such as divorce, custody, and support are bench trials. Explanation: A trial decided only by the judge without a jury. Example: The custody dispute proceeded as a bench trial, and the judge decided which parent should have primary custody.

Explanation: A trial decided only by the judge without a jury. Example: The custody dispute proceeded as a bench trial, and the judge decided which parent should have primary custody.

Example: The custody dispute proceeded as a bench trial, and the judge decided which parent should have primary custody.

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BENCH WARRANT

Definition: A warrant issued by the court when a party fails to appear as ordered. Explanation: An order to arrest someone who missed court. Example: A bench warrant issued after he failed to appear for the hearing.

Explanation: An order to arrest someone who missed court. Example: A bench warrant issued after he failed to appear for the hearing.

Example: A bench warrant issued after he failed to appear for the hearing.

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BENEFICIARY

Definition: A person who is entitled to benefits or assets under a legal arrangement such as a trust or insurance policy. Explanation: The person who receives money or property from a trust or policy. Example: The child was named as the beneficiary of the life insurance.

Explanation: The person who receives money or property from a trust or policy. Example: The child was named as the beneficiary of the life insurance.

Example: The child was named as the beneficiary of the life insurance.

Español: beneficiary

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BEST EVIDENCE RULE

Definition: A rule of evidence requiring that the original document be produced in court when its contents are disputed. Explanation: You must show the original document in court if it’s important. Example: The best evidence rule required the original custody order.

Explanation: You must show the original document in court if it’s important. Example: The best evidence rule required the original custody order.

Example: The best evidence rule required the original custody order.

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BEST INTEREST FACTORS

Definition: The statutory criteria a court considers to decide what custody and visitation arrangement serves the child’s best interests. Explanation: The list of things the judge looks at to protect the child’s well being. Example: The judge reviewed best interest factors before setting the schedule.

Explanation: The list of things the judge looks at to protect the child’s well being. Example: The judge reviewed best interest factors before setting the schedule.

Example: The judge reviewed best interest factors before setting the schedule.

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BEST INTERESTS HEARING

Definition: A court proceeding to determine what custody or visitation arrangement best serves the child’s needs and welfare. Explanation: A hearing to decide what is best for the child. Example: At the best interests hearing, the judge focused on the child’s schooling and health needs.

Explanation: A hearing to decide what is best for the child. Example: At the best interests hearing, the judge focused on the child’s schooling and health needs.

Example: At the best interests hearing, the judge focused on the child’s schooling and health needs.

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BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD

Definition: The guiding standard that custody and visitation orders must prioritize the child’s health, safety, and welfare. Explanation: Courts put the child’s needs first when making orders. Example: The order was based on the child’s best interests because the child needed speech therapy.

Explanation: Courts put the child’s needs first when making orders. Example: The order was based on the child’s best interests because the child needed speech therapy.

Example: The order was based on the child’s best interests because the child needed speech therapy.

Español: interés superior del menor

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BIFURCATION

Definition: Separating one issue (like marital status) from the other issues in a case so it can be decided sooner. Explanation: Splitting part of the case to decide it earlier. Example: The court granted bifurcation of marital status before property division.

Explanation: Splitting part of the case to decide it earlier. Example: The court granted bifurcation of marital status before property division.

Example: The court granted bifurcation of marital status before property division.

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BIOLOGICAL PARENT

Definition: A person who is genetically related to the child. Explanation: The parent by birth or genetics. Example: The biological parent consented to the adoption.

Explanation: The parent by birth or genetics. Example: The biological parent consented to the adoption.

Example: The biological parent consented to the adoption.

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BIRTH CERTIFICATE

Definition: An official document that records the birth of a child and identifies the legal parents. Explanation: A government paper that shows a child’s birth details and parents. Example: The father’s name was added to the birth certificate after paternity was established.

Explanation: A government paper that shows a child’s birth details and parents. Example: The father’s name was added to the birth certificate after paternity was established.

Example: The father’s name was added to the birth certificate after paternity was established.

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BIRTH CERTIFICATE AMENDMENT

Definition: A legal change to the information on a birth certificate, such as parentage or name, based on a court order or vital records process. Explanation: Updating a birth record after a court order or legal process. Example: After adoption, they filed for a birth certificate amendment.

Explanation: Updating a birth record after a court order or legal process. Example: After adoption, they filed for a birth certificate amendment.

Example: After adoption, they filed for a birth certificate amendment.

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BIRTH PARENT

Definition: The person who gave birth to the child or the genetic parent, depending on the legal context. Explanation: The child’s parent by birth. Example: The birth parent signed a consent to adoption.

Explanation: The child’s parent by birth. Example: The birth parent signed a consent to adoption.

Example: The birth parent signed a consent to adoption.

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BOND (GUARDIAN’S BOND)

Definition: A surety bond posted by a guardian of the estate to protect the child’s property from loss or misuse. Explanation: Insurance like protection for a child’s money managed by a guardian. Example: The guardian posted a bond before accessing the child’s funds.

Explanation: Insurance like protection for a child’s money managed by a guardian. Example: The guardian posted a bond before accessing the child’s funds.

Example: The guardian posted a bond before accessing the child’s funds.

Español: bond (tutor’s bond)

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BONDING STUDY

Definition: An evaluation of the emotional connection between a child and a parent or caregiver. Explanation: A study to see how close a child feels to a parent or caregiver. Example: The court ordered a bonding study to evaluate attachment.

Explanation: A study to see how close a child feels to a parent or caregiver. Example: The court ordered a bonding study to evaluate attachment.

Example: The court ordered a bonding study to evaluate attachment.

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BRANCO CREDITS

Definition: A reimbursement credit recognized in California divorce cases when one spouse uses their separate property funds to improve or maintain community property after separation. Branco credits ensure that a spouse is compensated for contributions that enhanced the value of marital assets. The principle comes from In re Marriage of Branco (1996). Explanation: A spouse can get credit if they spend their own money (separate funds) to improve or keep up shared property after separation. Example: The court awarded the wife Branco credits for using her inheritance money to repair and maintain the family home after separation.

Explanation: A spouse can get credit if they spend their own money (separate funds) to improve or keep up shared property after separation. Example: The court awarded the wife Branco credits for using her inheritance money to repair and maintain the family home after separation.

Example: The court awarded the wife Branco credits for using her inheritance money to repair and maintain the family home after separation.

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BRIEF (LEGAL)

Definition: A written argument submitted to the court explaining a party’s legal position. Explanation: A paper lawyers write to explain their side to the judge. Example: The attorney filed a brief in the custody dispute.

Explanation: A paper lawyers write to explain their side to the judge. Example: The attorney filed a brief in the custody dispute.

Example: The attorney filed a brief in the custody dispute.

Español: brief (legal)

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BURDEN OF PROOF

Definition: The level of evidence a party must present to persuade the court, such as preponderance of the evidence or clear and convincing evidence. Explanation: How much proof you need to win an issue. Example: The moving party did not meet the burden of proof for modification.

Explanation: How much proof you need to win an issue. Example: The moving party did not meet the burden of proof for modification.

Example: The moving party did not meet the burden of proof for modification.

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BUSINESS RECORDS EXCEPTION

Definition: An exception to the hearsay rule that allows admission of regularly kept business records, such as medical or school records. Explanation: A rule that lets the judge accept records like school or medical files without live testimony. Example: The school records were admitted under the business records exception.

Explanation: A rule that lets the judge accept records like school or medical files without live testimony. Example: The school records were admitted under the business records exception.

Example: The school records were admitted under the business records exception.

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BUSINESS VALUATION

Definition: An expert appraisal of a business’s value for property division or support calculations in divorce. Explanation: Figuring out what a business is worth for divorce purposes. Example: The court considered expert business valuation in dividing assets.

Explanation: Figuring out what a business is worth for divorce purposes. Example: The court considered expert business valuation in dividing assets.

Example: The court considered expert business valuation in dividing assets.

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BUYOUT (MARITAL HOME BUYOUT)

Definition: One spouse pays the other for their share of community equity to keep an asset like the marital home. Explanation: Paying a spouse for their share so one person keeps the house. Example: They arranged a buyout of the marital residence.

Explanation: Paying a spouse for their share so one person keeps the house. Example: They arranged a buyout of the marital residence.

Example: They arranged a buyout of the marital residence.

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CALENDAR

Definition: The official schedule of cases, hearings, or trials set by the court for specific dates; in family law, the calendar organizes divorce trials, custody hearings, child support conferences, and domestic violence proceedings. Explanation: The court’s schedule that shows when cases will be heard. Example: The judge set the custody hearing on the family court calendar for next month.

Explanation: The court’s schedule that shows when cases will be heard. Example: The judge set the custody hearing on the family court calendar for next month.

Example: The judge set the custody hearing on the family court calendar for next month.

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CAPACITY TO CONSENT

Definition: The legal ability of a person to understand, appreciate, and voluntarily agree to an act, order, or contract; in family law, this may arise in issues such as marriage validity, consent to adoption, or medical treatment for a child. Explanation: The ability of a person to understand and agree to something in a way the law recognizes. Example: The court examined whether the teenager had the capacity to consent to her own medical treatment.

Explanation: The ability of a person to understand and agree to something in a way the law recognizes. Example: The court examined whether the teenager had the capacity to consent to her own medical treatment.

Example: The court examined whether the teenager had the capacity to consent to her own medical treatment.

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CAPTION

Definition: The heading of a legal document that identifies the court, case number, and names of the parties; in family law, captions appear on petitions, motions, and orders in cases such as divorce, custody, or adoption. Explanation: The heading at the top of court papers that shows the court, case number, and parties. Example: The caption of the divorce petition listed both spouses as parties to the case.

Explanation: The heading at the top of court papers that shows the court, case number, and parties. Example: The caption of the divorce petition listed both spouses as parties to the case.

Example: The caption of the divorce petition listed both spouses as parties to the case.

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CASA (COURT APPOINTED SPECIAL ADVOCATE)

Definition: A trained volunteer appointed by the court to advocate for the best interests of children in cases of abuse, neglect, or dependency; CASAs investigate, report to the court, and make recommendations on custody and placement. Explanation: A volunteer chosen by the court to speak up for a child’s best interests in difficult cases. Example: The CASA recommended that the child remain in foster care until reunification could safely occur.

Explanation: A volunteer chosen by the court to speak up for a child’s best interests in difficult cases. Example: The CASA recommended that the child remain in foster care until reunification could safely occur.

Example: The CASA recommended that the child remain in foster care until reunification could safely occur.

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CASE

Definition: A legal dispute brought before a court for resolution; in family law, a case may involve divorce, custody, child support, spousal support, adoption, guardianship, or protective orders. Explanation: A legal matter filed in court to be decided by a judge. Example: The divorce case included issues of custody, support, and property division.

Explanation: A legal matter filed in court to be decided by a judge. Example: The divorce case included issues of custody, support, and property division.

Example: The divorce case included issues of custody, support, and property division.

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CASE INFORMATION STATEMENT

Definition: A detailed form filed by parties in family law cases, often in divorce, listing income, expenses, assets, and debts to help the court determine financial matters such as child support, spousal support, and equitable distribution. Explanation: A form showing the parties’ finances so the judge can decide support and property issues. Example: The mother’s case information statement showed her income and monthly expenses for child support calculations.

Explanation: A form showing the parties’ finances so the judge can decide support and property issues. Example: The mother’s case information statement showed her income and monthly expenses for child support calculations.

Example: The mother’s case information statement showed her income and monthly expenses for child support calculations.

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CASE LAW

Definition: The body of prior judicial decisions that establish legal principles and precedents applied in later cases; in family law, case law guides judges on issues such as custody standards, relocation, child support calculations, and equitable distribution. Explanation: Past court decisions that judges use to decide similar new cases. Example: The judge relied on case law holding that the best interests of the child are the primary custody standard.

Explanation: Past court decisions that judges use to decide similar new cases. Example: The judge relied on case law holding that the best interests of the child are the primary custody standard.

Example: The judge relied on case law holding that the best interests of the child are the primary custody standard.

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CASE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE (CMC)

Definition: A court hearing to review case status, set deadlines, and encourage settlement where appropriate. Explanation: A short hearing where the judge checks progress and plans next steps. Example: At the CMC, the court set discovery and mediation dates.

Explanation: A short hearing where the judge checks progress and plans next steps. Example: At the CMC, the court set discovery and mediation dates.

Example: At the CMC, the court set discovery and mediation dates.

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CASE MANAGEMENT ORDER (FAMILY COURT)

Definition: An order from the family court that sets deadlines and procedures for how a case will proceed, including hearings and required filings. Explanation: A court order that organizes how the family case will move forward. Example: The judge issued a case management order scheduling mediation and discovery deadlines.

Explanation: A court order that organizes how the family case will move forward. Example: The judge issued a case management order scheduling mediation and discovery deadlines.

Example: The judge issued a case management order scheduling mediation and discovery deadlines.

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CASE PLAN

Definition: A written plan created in child welfare cases outlining services, visitation, and permanency goals. Explanation: A plan the court uses in child protection cases to guide services and visits. Example: The social worker submitted the case plan for court approval.

Explanation: A plan the court uses in child protection cases to guide services and visits. Example: The social worker submitted the case plan for court approval.

Example: The social worker submitted the case plan for court approval.

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CASE WORKER

Definition: A social services professional assigned to investigate, monitor, and support families in cases involving child welfare, abuse, neglect, or foster care; in family law, case workers provide reports and recommendations to the court. Explanation: A professional who helps and monitors families in child-related court cases. Example: The case worker recommended supervised visitation after investigating allegations of neglect.

Explanation: A professional who helps and monitors families in child-related court cases. Example: The case worker recommended supervised visitation after investigating allegations of neglect.

Example: The case worker recommended supervised visitation after investigating allegations of neglect.

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CASELOAD

Definition: The total number of cases assigned to a judge, attorney, or case worker at a given time; in family law, heavy caseloads can delay hearings and evaluations. Explanation: The number of cases a judge, lawyer, or case worker is handling. Example: Due to a heavy caseload, the family court postponed the custody hearing.

Explanation: The number of cases a judge, lawyer, or case worker is handling. Example: Due to a heavy caseload, the family court postponed the custody hearing.

Example: Due to a heavy caseload, the family court postponed the custody hearing.

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CEASE AND DESIST

Definition: A formal order or notice requiring a person to stop an unlawful or prohibited action immediately; in family law, cease and desist orders may address harassment, threats, or improper communication with a child or other parent. Explanation: An order telling someone to stop doing something wrong or harmful. Example: The court issued a cease and desist order against the father for repeated harassing messages to the mother.

Explanation: An order telling someone to stop doing something wrong or harmful. Example: The court issued a cease and desist order against the father for repeated harassing messages to the mother.

Example: The court issued a cease and desist order against the father for repeated harassing messages to the mother.

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CERTIFICATION

Definition: An official document or statement confirming that a fact, record, or copy is true and accurate; in family law, certifications are often used for birth records, income statements, or compliance with court orders. Explanation: An official confirmation that something is true or correct. Example: The attorney submitted a certification of the mother’s income to support the child support claim.

Explanation: An official confirmation that something is true or correct. Example: The attorney submitted a certification of the mother’s income to support the child support claim.

Example: The attorney submitted a certification of the mother’s income to support the child support claim.

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CERTIFICATION OF INDIGENCY

Definition: A sworn statement by a party declaring financial inability to pay court fees, costs, or legal representation, often used to request fee waivers or appointed counsel in family law proceedings. Explanation: A form saying a person cannot afford court costs or a lawyer. Example: The mother filed a certification of indigency to obtain appointed counsel in the custody matter.

Explanation: A form saying a person cannot afford court costs or a lawyer. Example: The mother filed a certification of indigency to obtain appointed counsel in the custody matter.

Example: The mother filed a certification of indigency to obtain appointed counsel in the custody matter.

Español: certification of indigency

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con certification of indigency.

CERTIFIED COPY

Definition: A reproduction of a document that has been officially verified as a true and exact copy of the original; in family law, certified copies are required for documents like marriage certificates, divorce decrees, or adoption orders. Explanation: An official copy of a document confirmed to be the same as the original. Example: The adoptive parents submitted a certified copy of the child’s birth certificate to the court.

Explanation: An official copy of a document confirmed to be the same as the original. Example: The adoptive parents submitted a certified copy of the child’s birth certificate to the court.

Example: The adoptive parents submitted a certified copy of the child’s birth certificate to the court.

Español: certified copy

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con certified copy.

CERTIORARI

Definition: A writ issued by a higher court, most notably the U.S. Supreme Court, to review the decision of a lower court; though rare in family law, certiorari may be sought in cases involving constitutional questions or conflicts in state law. Explanation: A special order from a higher court to review a lower court’s decision. Example: The father petitioned for certiorari to challenge the state supreme court’s ruling on parental relocation.

Explanation: A special order from a higher court to review a lower court’s decision. Example: The father petitioned for certiorari to challenge the state supreme court’s ruling on parental relocation.

Example: The father petitioned for certiorari to challenge the state supreme court’s ruling on parental relocation.

Español: certiorari

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con certiorari.

CHAIN OF CUSTODY

Definition: The documented process that records the handling, transfer, and storage of evidence from collection to presentation in court, ensuring its authenticity; in family law, this can apply to drug tests, medical records, or supervised visitation logs. Explanation: A record showing who handled evidence and when, to prove it is reliable. Example: The mother’s attorney questioned the chain of custody for the father’s drug test results.

Explanation: A record showing who handled evidence and when, to prove it is reliable. Example: The mother’s attorney questioned the chain of custody for the father’s drug test results.

Example: The mother’s attorney questioned the chain of custody for the father’s drug test results.

Español: chain of custodia

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con chain of custodia.

CHALLENGE

Definition: A legal objection or contest to evidence, testimony, or a judicial decision; in family law, challenges may be raised to custody evaluations, admissibility of records, or a judge’s impartiality. Explanation: To formally object to something in a case. Example: The father’s attorney filed a challenge to the custody evaluator’s report, arguing bias.

Explanation: To formally object to something in a case. Example: The father’s attorney filed a challenge to the custody evaluator’s report, arguing bias.

Example: The father’s attorney filed a challenge to the custody evaluator’s report, arguing bias.

Español: challenge

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con challenge.

CHAMBERS

Definition: The private office or courtroom space of a judge where certain discussions, conferences, or proceedings may take place outside of open court; in family law, chambers conferences often handle settlement talks or sensitive matters. Explanation: The judge’s private office where some case discussions happen. Example: The parties met in chambers with the judge to discuss settlement of visitation issues.

Explanation: The judge’s private office where some case discussions happen. Example: The parties met in chambers with the judge to discuss settlement of visitation issues.

Example: The parties met in chambers with the judge to discuss settlement of visitation issues.

Español: chambers

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con chambers.

CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES

Definition: A significant change in facts or conditions that may justify modifying a custody or support order. Explanation: A big change in life that could cause the judge to change orders. Example: The father requested custody based on a change of circumstances.

Explanation: A big change in life that could cause the judge to change orders. Example: The father requested custody based on a change of circumstances.

Example: The father requested custody based on a change of circumstances.

Español: change of circumstances

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con change of circumstances.

CHANGE OF VENUE

Definition: The legal process of transferring a case from one court or jurisdiction to another, usually because of concerns about fairness, convenience, or proper jurisdiction; in family law, a change of venue may be requested if the child now resides in a different county or state, or if all parties have moved. Explanation: When a case is moved from one court location to another for fairness or convenience. Example: The mother requested a change of venue for the custody case after both parents relocated to another county.

Explanation: When a case is moved from one court location to another for fairness or convenience. Example: The mother requested a change of venue for the custody case after both parents relocated to another county.

Example: The mother requested a change of venue for the custody case after both parents relocated to another county.

Español: change of venue

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con change of venue.

CHILD ABDUCTION PREVENTION ORDER

Definition: Court orders designed to reduce the risk that a parent will wrongfully remove or hide a child. Explanation: Rules to prevent a parent from taking or hiding the child. Example: The order required surrender of the child’s passport as prevention.

Explanation: Rules to prevent a parent from taking or hiding the child. Example: The order required surrender of the child’s passport as prevention.

Example: The order required surrender of the child’s passport as prevention.

Español: child abduction prevention order

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child abduction prevention order.

CHILD CUSTODY

Definition: The legal and physical rights and responsibilities to care for and make decisions for a child. Explanation: Who the child lives with and who makes major decisions. Example: They share joint legal custody but have different physical schedules.

Explanation: Who the child lives with and who makes major decisions. Example: They share joint legal custody but have different physical schedules.

Example: They share joint legal custody but have different physical schedules.

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En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child custodia.

CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATION

Definition: An expert assessment of family circumstances to help the court decide custody and visitation. Explanation: A professional studies the family and makes recommendations to the judge. Example: The evaluator interviewed both parents and the child.

Explanation: A professional studies the family and makes recommendations to the judge. Example: The evaluator interviewed both parents and the child.

Example: The evaluator interviewed both parents and the child.

Español: child custodia evaluation

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child custodia evaluation.

CHILD CUSTODY MEDIATION REPORT

Definition: A written report prepared by a mediator summarizing parents’ discussions and recommendations about custody and visitation. Explanation: The mediator’s written summary of what was discussed about custody. Example: The court reviewed the child custody mediation report before making a final decision.

Explanation: The mediator’s written summary of what was discussed about custody. Example: The court reviewed the child custody mediation report before making a final decision.

Example: The court reviewed the child custody mediation report before making a final decision.

Español: child custodia mediation report

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child custodia mediation report.

CHILD DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT

Definition: An evaluation of a child’s physical, emotional, social, and educational progress, often ordered in custody or dependency cases. Explanation: An evaluation to see how a child is growing and developing. Example: The judge ordered a child development assessment to help decide custody.

Explanation: An evaluation to see how a child is growing and developing. Example: The judge ordered a child development assessment to help decide custody.

Example: The judge ordered a child development assessment to help decide custody.

Español: child development assessment

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child development assessment.

CHILD ENDANGERMENT

Definition: Putting a child’s health, safety, or welfare at risk through neglect, abuse, or exposing the child to dangerous conditions. Explanation: When an adult puts a child in danger by neglect or abuse. Example: He was arrested for child endangerment after leaving his toddler alone in the car.

Explanation: When an adult puts a child in danger by neglect or abuse. Example: He was arrested for child endangerment after leaving his toddler alone in the car.

Example: He was arrested for child endangerment after leaving his toddler alone in the car.

Español: child endangerment

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child endangerment.

CHILD EXCHANGE PROGRAM (NEUTRAL SITE)

Definition: A supervised service or designated safe location where parents exchange their child for visitation to reduce conflict or risk of harm. Explanation: A safe place where parents switch custody of the child. Example: The parents used a child exchange program at a neutral site to avoid direct conflict.

Explanation: A safe place where parents switch custody of the child. Example: The parents used a child exchange program at a neutral site to avoid direct conflict.

Example: The parents used a child exchange program at a neutral site to avoid direct conflict.

Español: child exchange program (neutral site)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child exchange program (neutral site).

CHILD MAINTENANCE (ALTERNATE TERM FOR SUPPORT)

Definition: Payments made by one parent to contribute to the child’s living expenses and needs; another term for child support. Explanation: Money a parent pays to help support the child’s needs. Example: The father was ordered to pay child maintenance until the child turned 18.

Explanation: Money a parent pays to help support the child’s needs. Example: The father was ordered to pay child maintenance until the child turned 18.

Example: The father was ordered to pay child maintenance until the child turned 18.

Español: child maintenance (alternate term for support)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child maintenance (alternate term for support).

CHILD NEGLECT

Definition: Failure of a parent or caregiver to provide proper care, supervision, or essential needs of a child. Explanation: When a parent doesn’t give a child food, shelter, or care. Example: The agency investigated allegations of child neglect.

Explanation: When a parent doesn’t give a child food, shelter, or care. Example: The agency investigated allegations of child neglect.

Example: The agency investigated allegations of child neglect.

Español: child neglect

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child neglect.

CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES (CPS)

Definition: A government agency that investigates reports of child abuse or neglect and protects children. Explanation: The agency that looks into child abuse and keeps children safe. Example: CPS opened an investigation after the hotline call.

Explanation: The agency that looks into child abuse and keeps children safe. Example: CPS opened an investigation after the hotline call.

Example: CPS opened an investigation after the hotline call.

Español: child protective services (cps)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con child protective services (cps).

CHILD PROTECTION ORDER

Definition: A court order that protects a child from abuse, neglect, or exposure to domestic violence by limiting or restricting contact with the alleged abuser. Explanation: A court order to keep a child safe from harm or abuse. Example: The court issued a child protection order after evidence of neglect was found.

Explanation: A court order to keep a child safe from harm or abuse. Example: The court issued a child protection order after evidence of neglect was found.

Example: The court issued a child protection order after evidence of neglect was found.

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CHILD SUPPORT

Definition: Court‑ordered payments for a child’s living expenses, typically made by the noncustodial parent. Explanation: Money to help pay for a child’s needs. Example: The guideline child support amount was ordered.

Explanation: Money to help pay for a child’s needs. Example: The guideline child support amount was ordered.

Example: The guideline child support amount was ordered.

Español: manutención de menores

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con manutención de menores.

CHILD SUPPORT ADD‑ONS

Definition: Additional child‑related costs such as childcare, uninsured medical expenses, or educational costs that parents share. Explanation: Extra costs for the child that parents split. Example: They split childcare and uninsured medical expenses as add‑ons.

Explanation: Extra costs for the child that parents split. Example: They split childcare and uninsured medical expenses as add‑ons.

Example: They split childcare and uninsured medical expenses as add‑ons.

Español: manutención de menores add‑ons

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con manutención de menores add‑ons.

CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINE

Definition: The formula set by law to calculate a presumptively correct child support amount. Explanation: A legal formula the judge uses to set support. Example: The court applied the guideline to compute support.

Explanation: A legal formula the judge uses to set support. Example: The court applied the guideline to compute support.

Example: The court applied the guideline to compute support.

Español: manutención de menores guideline

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con manutención de menores guideline.

CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES DEVIATION

Definition: A court-approved change from standard child support guidelines due to special circumstances such as medical or educational needs. Explanation: Changing the normal child support amount because of special needs. Example: The court allowed a deviation due to the child’s high medical expenses.

Explanation: Changing the normal child support amount because of special needs. Example: The court allowed a deviation due to the child’s high medical expenses.

Example: The court allowed a deviation due to the child’s high medical expenses.

Español: manutención de menores guidelines deviation

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con manutención de menores guidelines deviation.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

Definition: Indirect evidence that does not directly prove a fact but allows a judge to infer its existence from related facts or circumstances; in family law, circumstantial evidence may be used to show neglect, abuse, or unfitness when direct proof is unavailable. Explanation: Proof that suggests something happened based on related facts, not direct observation. Example: The judge considered circumstantial evidence of the father’s alcohol use, such as empty bottles found in the home, when ruling on custody.

Explanation: Proof that suggests something happened based on related facts, not direct observation. Example: The judge considered circumstantial evidence of the father’s alcohol use, such as empty bottles found in the home, when ruling on custody.

Example: The judge considered circumstantial evidence of the father’s alcohol use, such as empty bottles found in the home, when ruling on custody.

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En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con circumstantial evidence.

CITATION

Definition: A written order or notice requiring a person to appear in court, or a reference to legal authority (such as case law or statute) in legal documents; in family law, citations are used both to compel attendance and to support legal arguments. Explanation: Either a paper telling someone to go to court, or a reference to laws or cases in legal documents. Example: The father received a citation to appear in court for failing to pay child support.

Explanation: Either a paper telling someone to go to court, or a reference to laws or cases in legal documents. Example: The father received a citation to appear in court for failing to pay child support.

Example: The father received a citation to appear in court for failing to pay child support.

Español: citation

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con citation.

CITE

Definition: To formally reference or quote a statute, regulation, case law, or other authority to support a legal argument; in family law, attorneys cite statutes or prior decisions to show how the law applies to custody, support, or divorce cases. Explanation: To point to a law or past case in order to support an argument in court. Example: The mother’s attorney cited case law to argue that relocation should be denied because it was not in the child’s best interests.

Explanation: To point to a law or past case in order to support an argument in court. Example: The mother’s attorney cited case law to argue that relocation should be denied because it was not in the child’s best interests.

Example: The mother’s attorney cited case law to argue that relocation should be denied because it was not in the child’s best interests.

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CIVIL HARASSMENT RESTRAINING ORDER (CHRO)

Definition: A protective order for harassment by someone who is not a household or intimate partner, such as a neighbor. Explanation: Court order to stop harassment by a non‑family person. Example: She filed a CHRO against her neighbor for threats.

Explanation: Court order to stop harassment by a non‑family person. Example: She filed a CHRO against her neighbor for threats.

Example: She filed a CHRO against her neighbor for threats.

Español: civil harassment restraining order (chro)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con civil harassment restraining order (chro).

CLAIM

Definition: A demand for relief, right, or remedy asserted in court by one party against another; in family law, claims may involve requests for custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, or division of property. Explanation: A legal request asking the court to decide or grant something in a case. Example: The mother filed a claim for increased child support based on the father’s higher income.

Explanation: A legal request asking the court to decide or grant something in a case. Example: The mother filed a claim for increased child support based on the father’s higher income.

Example: The mother filed a claim for increased child support based on the father’s higher income.

Español: claim

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con claim.

CLAIMANT

Definition: The person who asserts a claim in court and seeks relief or enforcement of rights; in family law, a claimant may be a parent requesting custody, support, or enforcement of an order. Explanation: The person who brings a request to the court asking for something. Example: The claimant asked the court to enforce the custody order after repeated violations.

Explanation: The person who brings a request to the court asking for something. Example: The claimant asked the court to enforce the custody order after repeated violations.

Example: The claimant asked the court to enforce the custody order after repeated violations.

Español: claimant

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con claimant.

CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE

Definition: A heightened standard of proof in which the evidence must show that a fact is highly probable and reasonably certain; in family law, this standard is often required in cases such as termination of parental rights, adoption, or findings of domestic violence. Explanation: Stronger proof than “more likely than not” but less than “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Example: The judge required clear and convincing evidence before terminating the father’s parental rights.

Explanation: Stronger proof than “more likely than not” but less than “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Example: The judge required clear and convincing evidence before terminating the father’s parental rights.

Example: The judge required clear and convincing evidence before terminating the father’s parental rights.

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CLERK OF THE SUPERIOR COURT

Definition: An officer of the court responsible for maintaining records, managing filings, and issuing certified copies of documents; in family law, the clerk of the superior court receives petitions, processes orders, and provides official copies of judgments. Explanation: The court official who handles filings, records, and official copies of documents. Example: The clerk of the superior court filed the divorce petition and issued the case number.

Explanation: The court official who handles filings, records, and official copies of documents. Example: The clerk of the superior court filed the divorce petition and issued the case number.

Example: The clerk of the superior court filed the divorce petition and issued the case number.

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CLERK’S OFFICE

Definition: The administrative office of the court where clerks manage case records, filings, and public access to court documents; in family law, parties go to the clerk’s office to file petitions, motions, or obtain certified documents. Explanation: The office in the courthouse where paperwork is filed and records are kept. Example: The mother went to the clerk’s office to file her motion to modify custody.

Explanation: The office in the courthouse where paperwork is filed and records are kept. Example: The mother went to the clerk’s office to file her motion to modify custody.

Example: The mother went to the clerk’s office to file her motion to modify custody.

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CLETS ENTRY

Definition: The process of entering a restraining order into the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System so police can enforce it. Explanation: Putting the restraining order into the police database for enforcement. Example: The clerk ensured the DVRO was entered into CLETS.

Explanation: Putting the restraining order into the police database for enforcement. Example: The clerk ensured the DVRO was entered into CLETS.

Example: The clerk ensured the DVRO was entered into CLETS.

Español: clets entry

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con clets entry.

CLOSING ARGUMENT

Definition: The final statement made by each party’s attorney (or by a self-represented litigant) at the end of a hearing or trial, summarizing the evidence and explaining how the law supports their position; in family law, closing arguments emphasize factors such as the best interests of the child, financial fairness, or safety concerns. Explanation: The last chance for lawyers or parties to tell the judge why the decision should be in their favor, based on the evidence. Example: In her closing argument, the mother’s attorney stressed that joint custody was not in the child’s best interests due to the father’s history of domestic violence.

Explanation: The last chance for lawyers or parties to tell the judge why the decision should be in their favor, based on the evidence. Example: In her closing argument, the mother’s attorney stressed that joint custody was not in the child’s best interests due to the father’s history of domestic violence.

Example: In her closing argument, the mother’s attorney stressed that joint custody was not in the child’s best interests due to the father’s history of domestic violence.

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COHABITATION

Definition: Living together in a romantic relationship without being married; may affect support orders. Explanation: Unmarried partners living together, which can change support. Example: The court considered cohabitation when reviewing spousal support.

Explanation: Unmarried partners living together, which can change support. Example: The court considered cohabitation when reviewing spousal support.

Example: The court considered cohabitation when reviewing spousal support.

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COHABITATION AGREEMENT

Definition: A written contract between unmarried partners living together that sets out their rights and responsibilities, similar to a marital contract. Explanation: A contract between unmarried partners about their shared responsibilities. Example: They signed a cohabitation agreement to clarify financial duties while living together.

Explanation: A contract between unmarried partners about their shared responsibilities. Example: They signed a cohabitation agreement to clarify financial duties while living together.

Example: They signed a cohabitation agreement to clarify financial duties while living together.

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COLLABORATIVE DIVORCE

Definition: A divorce process where both spouses and their lawyers work together cooperatively to resolve disputes without trial. Explanation: A divorce where both sides agree to work together instead of going to trial. Example: They chose collaborative divorce to avoid a stressful courtroom battle.

Explanation: A divorce where both sides agree to work together instead of going to trial. Example: They chose collaborative divorce to avoid a stressful courtroom battle.

Example: They chose collaborative divorce to avoid a stressful courtroom battle.

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COLLABORATIVE LAW

Definition: A process where parties and their lawyers agree to resolve family disputes cooperatively without litigation. Explanation: Everyone works together with lawyers to settle without going to trial. Example: They used collaborative law to resolve property and custody issues.

Explanation: Everyone works together with lawyers to settle without going to trial. Example: They used collaborative law to resolve property and custody issues.

Example: They used collaborative law to resolve property and custody issues.

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COLLATERAL ATTACK

Definition: A legal challenge to a judgment made in a separate proceeding rather than through a direct appeal; in family law, a collateral attack may occur when a party questions the validity of a custody order, adoption decree, or support judgment in a different case or jurisdiction. Explanation: Challenging a past court decision in a different case instead of appealing it directly. Example: The father attempted a collateral attack on the adoption decree by claiming the court lacked jurisdiction years earlier.

Explanation: Challenging a past court decision in a different case instead of appealing it directly. Example: The father attempted a collateral attack on the adoption decree by claiming the court lacked jurisdiction years earlier.

Example: The father attempted a collateral attack on the adoption decree by claiming the court lacked jurisdiction years earlier.

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COLLATERAL REVIEW

Definition: A judicial examination of the validity of a prior judgment or decision in a new proceeding, often to assess whether the earlier case complied with constitutional or jurisdictional requirements; in family law, this may apply to reviewing older custody or support orders. Explanation: When a court looks at a past judgment in a new case to check if it was legally valid. Example: The appellate court conducted a collateral review of the dependency order after claims of due process violations.

Explanation: When a court looks at a past judgment in a new case to check if it was legally valid. Example: The appellate court conducted a collateral review of the dependency order after claims of due process violations.

Example: The appellate court conducted a collateral review of the dependency order after claims of due process violations.

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COMMINGLING

Definition: The mixing of separate property with marital or community property in such a way that the separate property loses its distinct identity; in family law, commingling may occur when inherited money is deposited into a joint account or when personal funds are used for marital expenses. Explanation: Combining personal property with shared marital property so that ownership becomes unclear. Example: The wife’s inheritance was considered community property after commingling with joint funds in the family bank account.

Explanation: Combining personal property with shared marital property so that ownership becomes unclear. Example: The wife’s inheritance was considered community property after commingling with joint funds in the family bank account.

Example: The wife’s inheritance was considered community property after commingling with joint funds in the family bank account.

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COMMUNITY DEBTS

Definition: Financial obligations incurred during the marriage that are considered the joint responsibility of both spouses, regardless of which spouse incurred them, under community property law. Explanation: Debts taken on during marriage that both spouses are responsible for. Example: The court divided the couple’s credit card balances as community debts in the divorce decree.

Explanation: Debts taken on during marriage that both spouses are responsible for. Example: The court divided the couple’s credit card balances as community debts in the divorce decree.

Example: The court divided the couple’s credit card balances as community debts in the divorce decree.

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COMMUNITY PROPERTY

Definition: Property acquired by spouses during marriage that is owned equally, unless an exception applies. Explanation: Most things earned or bought during marriage belong to both spouses. Example: The court divided community property equally.

Explanation: Most things earned or bought during marriage belong to both spouses. Example: The court divided community property equally.

Example: The court divided community property equally.

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COMMUNITY PROPERTY WAIVER

Definition: An agreement in which one spouse voluntarily gives up rights to community property, often part of a marital settlement or contract. Explanation: When one spouse agrees not to claim shared marital property. Example: She signed a community property waiver as part of her divorce settlement.

Explanation: When one spouse agrees not to claim shared marital property. Example: She signed a community property waiver as part of her divorce settlement.

Example: She signed a community property waiver as part of her divorce settlement.

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COMPETENT EVIDENCE

Definition: Evidence that is legally admissible and sufficient to prove a fact in court, meeting standards of relevance and reliability; in family law, competent evidence includes testimony, documents, or expert reports that the court can consider in custody, support, or divorce cases. Explanation: Evidence the judge is allowed to accept and use to decide a case. Example: The custody evaluator’s report was admitted as competent evidence in the custody dispute.

Explanation: Evidence the judge is allowed to accept and use to decide a case. Example: The custody evaluator’s report was admitted as competent evidence in the custody dispute.

Example: The custody evaluator’s report was admitted as competent evidence in the custody dispute.

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COMPLAINANT

Definition: The person who initiates a legal complaint or petition seeking relief from the court; in family law, a complainant may request divorce, custody, support, or protective orders. Explanation: The person who files a complaint or petition asking the court for help. Example: The complainant filed for a restraining order to protect herself and her children from domestic violence.

Explanation: The person who files a complaint or petition asking the court for help. Example: The complainant filed for a restraining order to protect herself and her children from domestic violence.

Example: The complainant filed for a restraining order to protect herself and her children from domestic violence.

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COMPLIANCE

Definition: The act of following or obeying a court order, rule, or legal requirement; in family law, compliance may involve paying support on time, following visitation schedules, or obeying restraining orders. Explanation: Doing what the court has ordered. Example: The father demonstrated compliance by making all child support payments on schedule.

Explanation: Doing what the court has ordered. Example: The father demonstrated compliance by making all child support payments on schedule.

Example: The father demonstrated compliance by making all child support payments on schedule.

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COMPLY

Definition: To act in accordance with or fulfill the requirements of a law, order, or regulation; in family law, a party must comply with custody schedules, support obligations, and protective orders. Explanation: To follow what the court requires. Example: The mother was warned to comply with the visitation schedule or face sanctions.

Explanation: To follow what the court requires. Example: The mother was warned to comply with the visitation schedule or face sanctions.

Example: The mother was warned to comply with the visitation schedule or face sanctions.

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COMPULSORY MEDIATION

Definition: A requirement by the court that parties attempt mediation before proceeding to trial in a family law case. Explanation: The judge requires mediation before allowing trial to begin. Example: The court ordered compulsory mediation before scheduling the custody hearing.

Explanation: The judge requires mediation before allowing trial to begin. Example: The court ordered compulsory mediation before scheduling the custody hearing.

Example: The court ordered compulsory mediation before scheduling the custody hearing.

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CONCERNING

Definition: A legal drafting term used to indicate that a statement, order, or document relates to a particular subject or party; in family law, it may appear in decrees or agreements referring to custody, support, or visitation issues. Explanation: A formal way of saying “about” or “related to” in legal documents. Example: The order included provisions concerning the child’s schooling and medical care.

Explanation: A formal way of saying “about” or “related to” in legal documents. Example: The order included provisions concerning the child’s schooling and medical care.

Example: The order included provisions concerning the child’s schooling and medical care.

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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

Definition: Sensitive information that is protected from public disclosure, often by statute or court order; in family law, this includes addresses of abuse survivors, financial account numbers, or children’s medical records. Explanation: Private information that must be kept secret and not shared publicly. Example: The custody file contained confidential information such as the child’s therapy records.

Explanation: Private information that must be kept secret and not shared publicly. Example: The custody file contained confidential information such as the child’s therapy records.

Example: The custody file contained confidential information such as the child’s therapy records.

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CONFIDENTIAL PERSONAL IDENTIFIER

Definition: A piece of personal data, such as Social Security numbers, driver’s license numbers, or financial account numbers, that must be protected in legal filings; in family law, courts require redaction of such identifiers to protect privacy. Explanation: Personal numbers or details that must be hidden in court papers to protect privacy. Example: The court ordered parties to redact all confidential personal identifiers from financial records.

Explanation: Personal numbers or details that must be hidden in court papers to protect privacy. Example: The court ordered parties to redact all confidential personal identifiers from financial records.

Example: The court ordered parties to redact all confidential personal identifiers from financial records.

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CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Definition: A situation where a person’s professional or personal interests could improperly influence their judgment or responsibilities; in family law, conflicts of interest may arise with attorneys, guardians ad litem, or evaluators who have ties to one party. Explanation: When someone involved in a case cannot be fair because of personal or professional connections. Example: The attorney withdrew from representing the mother due to a conflict of interest with the father.

Explanation: When someone involved in a case cannot be fair because of personal or professional connections. Example: The attorney withdrew from representing the mother due to a conflict of interest with the father.

Example: The attorney withdrew from representing the mother due to a conflict of interest with the father.

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CONFORMED COPY

Definition: A copy of a filed document stamped to show it matches the document on file with the court. Explanation: A stamped copy that proves it’s the same as the court’s version. Example: She kept a conformed copy of the judgment for records.

Explanation: A stamped copy that proves it’s the same as the court’s version. Example: She kept a conformed copy of the judgment for records.

Example: She kept a conformed copy of the judgment for records.

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CONTEMPT OF COURT

Definition: Willful disobedience of a court’s order or showing disrespect to the authority of the court; in family law, contempt may arise from failing to pay support, violating visitation schedules, or ignoring restraining orders. Explanation: When someone knowingly disobeys a judge’s order or shows disrespect to the court. Example: The father was found in contempt of court for refusing to pay child support as ordered.

Explanation: When someone knowingly disobeys a judge’s order or shows disrespect to the court. Example: The father was found in contempt of court for refusing to pay child support as ordered.

Example: The father was found in contempt of court for refusing to pay child support as ordered.

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CONSENT

Definition: Voluntary agreement or approval by a person with legal capacity to an action, order, or arrangement; in family law, consent may apply to parenting plans, adoption, medical treatment for children, or settlement agreements. Explanation: When someone agrees to something willingly and legally. Example: Both parents gave their consent to the child’s relocation out of state.

Explanation: When someone agrees to something willingly and legally. Example: Both parents gave their consent to the child’s relocation out of state.

Example: Both parents gave their consent to the child’s relocation out of state.

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CONSENT JUDGMENT

Definition: A court order that records and enforces an agreement reached voluntarily by the parties, making it legally binding as if decided by the judge; in family law, consent judgments often resolve custody, visitation, or support disputes. Explanation: An agreement between parties that the judge approves and makes an official order. Example: The parents reached a parenting plan, and the court entered it as a consent judgment.

Explanation: An agreement between parties that the judge approves and makes an official order. Example: The parents reached a parenting plan, and the court entered it as a consent judgment.

Example: The parents reached a parenting plan, and the court entered it as a consent judgment.

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CONSOLIDATED ACTION

Definition: The joining of two or more related legal cases into one proceeding to improve efficiency, avoid conflicting rulings, and reduce costs; in family law, cases involving the same parties—such as divorce and custody—may be consolidated. Explanation: When the court combines related cases into one case. Example: The divorce action and the custody petition were merged into a consolidated action.

Explanation: When the court combines related cases into one case. Example: The divorce action and the custody petition were merged into a consolidated action.

Example: The divorce action and the custody petition were merged into a consolidated action.

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CONTEST

Definition: To formally challenge, oppose, or dispute a legal claim or proceeding; in family law, parties may contest divorce grounds, custody petitions, or support claims. Explanation: To fight against or disagree with a claim in court. Example: The mother decided to contest the father’s request for sole custody.

Explanation: To fight against or disagree with a claim in court. Example: The mother decided to contest the father’s request for sole custody.

Example: The mother decided to contest the father’s request for sole custody.

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CONTESTED DIVORCE

Definition: A divorce where the parties cannot agree on issues such as property, custody, or support. Explanation: A divorce with disagreements that must be decided by the court. Example: They went through a contested divorce involving custody disputes.

Explanation: A divorce with disagreements that must be decided by the court. Example: They went through a contested divorce involving custody disputes.

Example: They went through a contested divorce involving custody disputes.

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CONTINUANCE

Definition: A postponement of a court hearing to a later date. Explanation: Moving a court date to another day. Example: The judge granted a continuance to allow time for mediation.

Explanation: Moving a court date to another day. Example: The judge granted a continuance to allow time for mediation.

Example: The judge granted a continuance to allow time for mediation.

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CONTINUE A HEARING

Definition: A postponement of a scheduled court hearing to a later date, ordered by the judge for good cause such as lack of evidence, attorney conflicts, or the need for more preparation. Explanation: When the judge delays a hearing to another day. Example: The court agreed to continue the custody hearing so the evaluator’s report could be completed.

Explanation: When the judge delays a hearing to another day. Example: The court agreed to continue the custody hearing so the evaluator’s report could be completed.

Example: The court agreed to continue the custody hearing so the evaluator’s report could be completed.

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CO-PARENTING AGREEMENT

Definition: A written agreement between separated or divorced parents on how they will share responsibilities for raising their child. Explanation: Parents’ written plan on raising their child together after separation. Example: Their co-parenting agreement included holiday schedules and healthcare decisions.

Explanation: Parents’ written plan on raising their child together after separation. Example: Their co-parenting agreement included holiday schedules and healthcare decisions.

Example: Their co-parenting agreement included holiday schedules and healthcare decisions.

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COSTS AND ATTORNEY FEES

Definition: The expenses of litigation, including court filing fees and payments for legal representation, which the court may order one party to pay to the other in family law cases depending on financial need, ability to pay, or misconduct. Explanation: The money for lawyer services and court expenses, which one side may have to pay for the other. Example: The judge ordered the father to pay part of the mother’s costs and attorney fees because of his higher income.

Explanation: The money for lawyer services and court expenses, which one side may have to pay for the other. Example: The judge ordered the father to pay part of the mother’s costs and attorney fees because of his higher income.

Example: The judge ordered the father to pay part of the mother’s costs and attorney fees because of his higher income.

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COUNSEL

Definition: A lawyer or attorney who represents a party in a legal matter; in family law, counsel provides advice, prepares documents, and advocates in court. Explanation: Another word for lawyer. Example: The mother’s counsel argued that joint custody was not in the child’s best interests.

Explanation: Another word for lawyer. Example: The mother’s counsel argued that joint custody was not in the child’s best interests.

Example: The mother’s counsel argued that joint custody was not in the child’s best interests.

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COUNSELING

Definition: Professional therapy or guidance services provided to individuals or families; in family law, courts may order counseling for children, parents, or entire families to address issues like divorce, visitation, or domestic violence. Explanation: Therapy or advice sessions ordered or recommended by the court. Example: The judge ordered family counseling to help the children adjust to the divorce.

Explanation: Therapy or advice sessions ordered or recommended by the court. Example: The judge ordered family counseling to help the children adjust to the divorce.

Example: The judge ordered family counseling to help the children adjust to the divorce.

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COURT

Definition: A tribunal established by law to hear and decide disputes, interpret laws, and issue legally binding orders; in family law, the court resolves matters such as divorce, custody, visitation, adoption, and protective orders. Explanation: The official place where judges decide legal disputes. Example: The family court ruled on custody and child support during the divorce.

Explanation: The official place where judges decide legal disputes. Example: The family court ruled on custody and child support during the divorce.

Example: The family court ruled on custody and child support during the divorce.

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COURT ADMINISTRATOR

Definition: A court official responsible for overseeing the administration, scheduling, and management of cases and staff to ensure efficient operation of the court system. Explanation: The person who helps manage the court’s schedule and operations. Example: The court administrator coordinated the family court calendar to reduce delays.

Explanation: The person who helps manage the court’s schedule and operations. Example: The court administrator coordinated the family court calendar to reduce delays.

Example: The court administrator coordinated the family court calendar to reduce delays.

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COURT APPEARANCE

Definition: The formal act of attending court at a scheduled time and place, either personally or through legal counsel, to participate in proceedings. Explanation: When someone shows up in court for their case. Example: The father failed to make his required court appearance for the support hearing.

Explanation: When someone shows up in court for their case. Example: The father failed to make his required court appearance for the support hearing.

Example: The father failed to make his required court appearance for the support hearing.

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COURT-APPOINTED EVALUATOR

Definition: A professional such as a psychologist or social worker appointed by the court to evaluate the family situation and make recommendations about custody or visitation. Explanation: An expert chosen by the court to study the family and suggest custody plans. Example: The court-appointed evaluator recommended joint custody after interviewing both parents and the child.

Explanation: An expert chosen by the court to study the family and suggest custody plans. Example: The court-appointed evaluator recommended joint custody after interviewing both parents and the child.

Example: The court-appointed evaluator recommended joint custody after interviewing both parents and the child.

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COURT CLERK

Definition: An officer of the court who manages filings, keeps records, swears in witnesses, and provides administrative support to judges and attorneys. Explanation: The court official who handles paperwork and records. Example: The court clerk filed the divorce petition and issued the case number.

Explanation: The court official who handles paperwork and records. Example: The court clerk filed the divorce petition and issued the case number.

Example: The court clerk filed the divorce petition and issued the case number.

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COURT COSTS

Definition: Mandatory fees and expenses charged for using the court system, such as filing fees, service fees, and transcript costs; sometimes ordered to be paid by one party. Explanation: The fees required to file and process a case in court. Example: The father was ordered to pay the court costs for the divorce action.

Explanation: The fees required to file and process a case in court. Example: The father was ordered to pay the court costs for the divorce action.

Example: The father was ordered to pay the court costs for the divorce action.

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COURT DEADLINES

Definition: The time limits established by law or court order within which parties must file documents, respond, or complete actions; missing a deadline may result in dismissal or sanctions. Explanation: The due dates for filing or responding to court papers. Example: The mother missed the court deadline to file her response to the custody petition.

Explanation: The due dates for filing or responding to court papers. Example: The mother missed the court deadline to file her response to the custody petition.

Example: The mother missed the court deadline to file her response to the custody petition.

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COURT INTERPRETER

Definition: A trained and certified professional who translates spoken or signed language in court proceedings to ensure parties and witnesses with limited English proficiency or disabilities can fully participate. Explanation: A person who translates what is said in court so everyone understands. Example: The court appointed a court interpreter to assist the mother who spoke only Spanish.

Explanation: A person who translates what is said in court so everyone understands. Example: The court appointed a court interpreter to assist the mother who spoke only Spanish.

Example: The court appointed a court interpreter to assist the mother who spoke only Spanish.

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COURT INTERPRETING SERVICES

Definition: Services provided by certified interpreters to assist non-English speakers or individuals with hearing impairments during court proceedings, ensuring access to justice. Explanation: Interpreter services in court for those who do not speak English or have hearing difficulties. Example: The family court provided court interpreting services for the father who spoke only Mandarin.

Explanation: Interpreter services in court for those who do not speak English or have hearing difficulties. Example: The family court provided court interpreting services for the father who spoke only Mandarin.

Example: The family court provided court interpreting services for the father who spoke only Mandarin.

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COURT ORDER

Definition: A legally binding directive issued by a judge requiring or prohibiting specific actions; in family law, court orders cover custody, visitation, support, property division, or protective measures. Explanation: A judge’s official command that must be followed. Example: The father violated the court order by failing to return the child on time.

Explanation: A judge’s official command that must be followed. Example: The father violated the court order by failing to return the child on time.

Example: The father violated the court order by failing to return the child on time.

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COURT RECORDS

Definition: The official documents and materials that make up the history of a case, including pleadings, motions, evidence, orders, and judgments. Explanation: The official file containing all documents from a case. Example: The adoption court records were sealed to protect the child’s privacy.

Explanation: The official file containing all documents from a case. Example: The adoption court records were sealed to protect the child’s privacy.

Example: The adoption court records were sealed to protect the child’s privacy.

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COURT REPORTER

Definition: A professional responsible for creating a verbatim transcript of court proceedings, ensuring an accurate and official record. Explanation: A person who types or records everything said in court. Example: The court reporter prepared a transcript of the custody hearing for the appeal.

Explanation: A person who types or records everything said in court. Example: The court reporter prepared a transcript of the custody hearing for the appeal.

Example: The court reporter prepared a transcript of the custody hearing for the appeal.

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COURT RULES

Definition: The procedural rules and regulations governing how cases are filed, heard, and decided in a particular court system; they ensure consistency and fairness in legal proceedings. Explanation: The rules that explain how court cases must be handled. Example: The mother’s attorney cited court rules requiring timely disclosure of financial records.

Explanation: The rules that explain how court cases must be handled. Example: The mother’s attorney cited court rules requiring timely disclosure of financial records.

Example: The mother’s attorney cited court rules requiring timely disclosure of financial records.

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COURTHOUSE

Definition: The building where judicial proceedings are held, housing courtrooms, clerk’s offices, and administrative offices; in family law, the courthouse is the place where parties file petitions, attend hearings, and participate in trials involving custody, support, divorce, or adoption. Explanation: The official building where people go for court cases. Example: The mother went to the courthouse to file her motion to modify custody.

Explanation: The official building where people go for court cases. Example: The mother went to the courthouse to file her motion to modify custody.

Example: The mother went to the courthouse to file her motion to modify custody.

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COURTROOM

Definition: The specific room within a courthouse where a judge conducts hearings and trials, takes evidence, and issues rulings; in family law, courtrooms are where disputes over custody, support, visitation, and protective orders are decided. Explanation: The room where the judge hears cases and makes decisions. Example: The custody trial took place in the family courtroom before Judge Ramirez.

Explanation: The room where the judge hears cases and makes decisions. Example: The custody trial took place in the family courtroom before Judge Ramirez.

Example: The custody trial took place in the family courtroom before Judge Ramirez.

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COURT‑ORDERED SUPERVISED VISITATION

Definition: Visitation that must occur in the presence of an approved third party or agency for safety. Explanation: Visits with the child happen only when a supervisor is present. Example: Due to safety concerns, visits were supervised at an agency.

Explanation: Visits with the child happen only when a supervisor is present. Example: Due to safety concerns, visits were supervised at an agency.

Example: Due to safety concerns, visits were supervised at an agency.

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CROSS-EXAMINATION

Definition: The questioning of a witness by the opposing party’s attorney after the witness has given direct testimony, intended to test credibility, reveal inconsistencies, or clarify facts; in family law, cross-examination is used to challenge testimony about custody, visitation, abuse, or financial issues. Explanation: When the other side’s lawyer asks questions to check if a witness is telling the truth or to point out weaknesses in their story. Example: During cross-examination, the father’s attorney questioned the mother’s expert about errors in the custody evaluation.

Explanation: When the other side’s lawyer asks questions to check if a witness is telling the truth or to point out weaknesses in their story. Example: During cross-examination, the father’s attorney questioned the mother’s expert about errors in the custody evaluation.

Example: During cross-examination, the father’s attorney questioned the mother’s expert about errors in the custody evaluation.

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CUSTODIAL PARENT

Definition: The parent with whom the child primarily lives, or who has primary physical custody. Explanation: The parent the child lives with most of the time. Example: Mother is the custodial parent during the school year.

Explanation: The parent the child lives with most of the time. Example: Mother is the custodial parent during the school year.

Example: Mother is the custodial parent during the school year.

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CUSTODY

Definition: The legal and practical responsibility for the care, control, and upbringing of a child, which may include legal custody (decision-making authority regarding education, health, and welfare) and physical custody (where and with whom the child lives); custody orders are determined by the court based on the best interests of the child. Explanation: The legal right and duty to care for and make decisions about a child. Example: The court awarded joint legal custody but granted the mother primary physical custody of the child.

Explanation: The legal right and duty to care for and make decisions about a child. Example: The court awarded joint legal custody but granted the mother primary physical custody of the child.

Example: The court awarded joint legal custody but granted the mother primary physical custody of the child.

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CUSTODY MODIFICATION

Definition: A change to an existing custody or visitation order based on a significant change of circumstances. Explanation: Asking the court to change custody because something important has changed. Example: Father requested modification after moving closer to the child’s school.

Explanation: Asking the court to change custody because something important has changed. Example: Father requested modification after moving closer to the child’s school.

Example: Father requested modification after moving closer to the child’s school.

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CUSTODY SWAP LOCATION

Definition: A designated public or safe place where parents exchange custody of their child to minimize conflict and ensure safety. Explanation: A set safe place where parents switch custody of the child. Example: The parents agreed to use a police station as their custody swap location.

Explanation: A set safe place where parents switch custody of the child. Example: The parents agreed to use a police station as their custody swap location.

Example: The parents agreed to use a police station as their custody swap location.

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CYBER HARASSMENT

Definition: The use of electronic communication—such as emails, text messages, or social media—to intimidate, threaten, or harass another person; in family law, cyber harassment may be grounds for protective orders, restrictions on communication, or custody determinations when it affects a child’s welfare. Explanation: When someone uses the internet or electronic messages to threaten or bother another person. Example: The court issued a restraining order after finding that the father’s repeated threatening emails to the mother constituted cyber harassment.

Explanation: When someone uses the internet or electronic messages to threaten or bother another person. Example: The court issued a restraining order after finding that the father’s repeated threatening emails to the mother constituted cyber harassment.

Example: The court issued a restraining order after finding that the father’s repeated threatening emails to the mother constituted cyber harassment.

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DAMAGES

Definition: Monetary compensation awarded by a court to a party who has suffered loss or harm due to another’s wrongful act; in family law, damages may arise in related tort claims, such as domestic violence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, or misuse of marital assets. Explanation: Money the court orders one person to pay another for harm or loss caused. Example: The mother sought damages for medical expenses resulting from domestic violence by her spouse.

Explanation: Money the court orders one person to pay another for harm or loss caused. Example: The mother sought damages for medical expenses resulting from domestic violence by her spouse.

Example: The mother sought damages for medical expenses resulting from domestic violence by her spouse.

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DEADLINE

Definition: A fixed time limit set by statute, rule, or court order within which a party must take a required legal action, such as filing documents or paying support; failure to meet a deadline may result in penalties or dismissal. Explanation: The last day or time by which something must be done in a court case. Example: The father missed the deadline to file his response to the custody petition.

Explanation: The last day or time by which something must be done in a court case. Example: The father missed the deadline to file his response to the custody petition.

Example: The father missed the deadline to file his response to the custody petition.

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DEAL

Definition: An informal term for an agreement or settlement reached between parties, often finalized in a written stipulation or consent judgment; in family law, deals may involve custody schedules, support amounts, or property division. Explanation: An agreement reached between the parties, often later approved by the judge. Example: The parents made a deal to share summer visitation equally, which was later entered as a court order.

Explanation: An agreement reached between the parties, often later approved by the judge. Example: The parents made a deal to share summer visitation equally, which was later entered as a court order.

Example: The parents made a deal to share summer visitation equally, which was later entered as a court order.

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DEBT

Definition: A financial obligation to pay money owed to another person or entity; in family law, debts incurred during marriage may be classified as community/marital debts and divided between spouses, while individual debts may remain separate. Explanation: Money that a person owes to another person, business, or institution. Example: The court divided the couple’s credit card debt as part of the divorce settlement.

Explanation: Money that a person owes to another person, business, or institution. Example: The court divided the couple’s credit card debt as part of the divorce settlement.

Example: The court divided the couple’s credit card debt as part of the divorce settlement.

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DECLARATION

Definition: A written statement submitted to the court under penalty of perjury, similar to an affidavit. Explanation: A written statement to the court sworn as true. Example: She filed a declaration explaining why custody should change.

Explanation: A written statement to the court sworn as true. Example: She filed a declaration explaining why custody should change.

Example: She filed a declaration explaining why custody should change.

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DECLARATORY JUDGMENT

Definition: A binding judgment issued by a court that declares the rights, duties, or obligations of the parties without ordering enforcement or awarding damages; in family law, declaratory judgments may be used to establish marital status, determine the validity of a prenuptial agreement, or clarify parental rights. Explanation: A court’s official statement that explains what the law says about the parties’ rights, without giving money or punishment. Example: The family court entered a declaratory judgment confirming that the prenuptial agreement was valid.

Explanation: A court’s official statement that explains what the law says about the parties’ rights, without giving money or punishment. Example: The family court entered a declaratory judgment confirming that the prenuptial agreement was valid.

Example: The family court entered a declaratory judgment confirming that the prenuptial agreement was valid.

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DECREE

Definition: A formal and authoritative order of the court that resolves a case or specific issue; in family law, decrees include divorce decrees, custody decrees, and adoption decrees, which finalize the court’s rulings and carry the force of law. Explanation: A judge’s official written order that ends or settles a case. Example: The judge signed a decree of divorce that included custody and child support provisions.

Explanation: A judge’s official written order that ends or settles a case. Example: The judge signed a decree of divorce that included custody and child support provisions.

Example: The judge signed a decree of divorce that included custody and child support provisions.

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DECREE OF DIVORCE

Definition: The final judgment issued by the court officially ending a marriage. Explanation: The court’s final order that a marriage is over. Example: The decree of divorce was signed by the judge last month.

Explanation: The court’s final order that a marriage is over. Example: The decree of divorce was signed by the judge last month.

Example: The decree of divorce was signed by the judge last month.

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DEFAULT JUDGMENT

Definition: A court decision entered against a party who fails to respond or appear in the case. Explanation: The judge’s decision when someone doesn’t show up or answer. Example: The court entered a default judgment in the divorce case.

Explanation: The judge’s decision when someone doesn’t show up or answer. Example: The court entered a default judgment in the divorce case.

Example: The court entered a default judgment in the divorce case.

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DEDUCTION

Definition: A subtraction or reduction from income, wages, or benefits, often for tax or support purposes; in family law, deductions may include amounts withheld from earnings for child support, spousal support, or health insurance premiums. Explanation: Money taken out of income or pay for support, taxes, or other required purposes. Example: The court ordered a deduction from the father’s paycheck each month for child support.

Explanation: Money taken out of income or pay for support, taxes, or other required purposes. Example: The court ordered a deduction from the father’s paycheck each month for child support.

Example: The court ordered a deduction from the father’s paycheck each month for child support.

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DEED

Definition: A written and signed legal document that transfers ownership of real property from one person to another; in family law, deeds are often used to transfer a marital home as part of property division in a divorce. Explanation: A paper that proves the transfer of ownership of land or a house. Example: The divorce decree required the husband to sign a deed transferring the family home to the wife.

Explanation: A paper that proves the transfer of ownership of land or a house. Example: The divorce decree required the husband to sign a deed transferring the family home to the wife.

Example: The divorce decree required the husband to sign a deed transferring the family home to the wife.

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DEFAULT

Definition: The failure of a party to respond to a petition, complaint, or court order within the time required, allowing the court to rule in favor of the other party by default; in family law, default judgments are common when one spouse does not respond to a divorce petition. Explanation: When someone does not answer or appear in court, and the judge decides in favor of the other side. Example: The mother obtained a default judgment of divorce after the father failed to file an answer.

Explanation: When someone does not answer or appear in court, and the judge decides in favor of the other side. Example: The mother obtained a default judgment of divorce after the father failed to file an answer.

Example: The mother obtained a default judgment of divorce after the father failed to file an answer.

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DEFER

Definition: To postpone or delay a court action, decision, or obligation to a later time, usually by judicial discretion; in family law, deferral may apply to hearings, payments, or enforcement of orders when circumstances justify a temporary delay. Explanation: When the judge or court puts off a decision or action until later. Example: The judge chose to defer ruling on child support until the custody evaluation was complete.

Explanation: When the judge or court puts off a decision or action until later. Example: The judge chose to defer ruling on child support until the custody evaluation was complete.

Example: The judge chose to defer ruling on child support until the custody evaluation was complete.

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DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SUPPORT SERVICES (DCSS)

Definition: A state agency that enforces child support orders and collects payments. Explanation: The state office that makes sure child support is paid. Example: DCSS began enforcement proceedings against the father.

Explanation: The state office that makes sure child support is paid. Example: DCSS began enforcement proceedings against the father.

Example: DCSS began enforcement proceedings against the father.

Español: department of manutención de menores services (dcss)

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DEPENDENCY

Definition: A legal status of a child who is under court supervision because of abuse, neglect, or abandonment. Explanation: When a child is placed under court protection due to harm or neglect. Example: The child was declared a dependency of the juvenile court.

Explanation: When a child is placed under court protection due to harm or neglect. Example: The child was declared a dependency of the juvenile court.

Example: The child was declared a dependency of the juvenile court.

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DEPONENT

Definition: A person who gives sworn testimony in writing or orally outside of court, usually during a deposition, in response to questions; in family law, deponents may include parties, witnesses, or experts. Explanation: Someone who answers questions under oath before trial. Example: The mother became a deponent when she gave sworn answers in a deposition about custody.

Explanation: Someone who answers questions under oath before trial. Example: The mother became a deponent when she gave sworn answers in a deposition about custody.

Example: The mother became a deponent when she gave sworn answers in a deposition about custody.

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DEPOSE

Definition: To question a witness or party under oath outside of court, usually in a deposition, for the purpose of gathering testimony and evidence; in family law, parties may be deposed about finances, custody, or conduct. Explanation: To ask someone questions under oath before the trial. Example: The father’s attorney moved to depose the custody evaluator about her report.

Explanation: To ask someone questions under oath before the trial. Example: The father’s attorney moved to depose the custody evaluator about her report.

Example: The father’s attorney moved to depose the custody evaluator about her report.

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DEPOSITION

Definition: A formal session where a witness or party gives sworn testimony outside of court, recorded by a court reporter, to be used as evidence or for discovery; in family law, depositions often cover income, parenting ability, or allegations of abuse. Explanation: A meeting where someone answers questions under oath before trial, and the answers are written down. Example: The father gave a deposition about his income and work history for the child support case.

Explanation: A meeting where someone answers questions under oath before trial, and the answers are written down. Example: The father gave a deposition about his income and work history for the child support case.

Example: The father gave a deposition about his income and work history for the child support case.

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DESERTION

Definition: The willful abandonment of a spouse or child without justification, support, or intent to return; in family law, desertion may serve as grounds for divorce or as evidence in custody or support proceedings. Explanation: When a spouse or parent leaves and does not return, without providing support. Example: The wife filed for divorce on the grounds of desertion after her husband left the family for over a year.

Explanation: When a spouse or parent leaves and does not return, without providing support. Example: The wife filed for divorce on the grounds of desertion after her husband left the family for over a year.

Example: The wife filed for divorce on the grounds of desertion after her husband left the family for over a year.

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DIRECT EVIDENCE

Definition: Evidence that directly proves a fact without requiring inference, such as eyewitness testimony or an admission; in family law, direct evidence might include testimony about an incident of abuse. Explanation: Proof that directly shows a fact happened. Example: The child’s testimony that he witnessed violence was direct evidence in the custody case.

Explanation: Proof that directly shows a fact happened. Example: The child’s testimony that he witnessed violence was direct evidence in the custody case.

Example: The child’s testimony that he witnessed violence was direct evidence in the custody case.

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DIRECT EXAMINATION

Definition: The initial questioning of a witness by the attorney who called them to testify, intended to present evidence in support of that party’s case; in family law, direct examination may involve testimony about parenting ability or financial needs. Explanation: When a lawyer questions their own witness first in court. Example: On direct examination, the mother described the daily routine she provides for the child.

Explanation: When a lawyer questions their own witness first in court. Example: On direct examination, the mother described the daily routine she provides for the child.

Example: On direct examination, the mother described the daily routine she provides for the child.

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DISABLED

Definition: A condition recognized by law in which a person has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits major life activities; in family law, disability may affect custody determinations, support obligations, or the need for accommodations in court. Explanation: A legal status when a physical or mental condition limits a person’s abilities. Example: The court granted accommodations for the disabled parent to participate in custody proceedings.

Explanation: A legal status when a physical or mental condition limits a person’s abilities. Example: The court granted accommodations for the disabled parent to participate in custody proceedings.

Example: The court granted accommodations for the disabled parent to participate in custody proceedings.

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DISAGREEMENT

Definition: A conflict or difference of opinion between parties regarding facts, rights, or obligations; in family law, disagreements often concern custody, visitation schedules, or financial support. Explanation: When the parties do not agree about an issue in court. Example: A disagreement over the child’s school choice led to a contested custody hearing.

Explanation: When the parties do not agree about an issue in court. Example: A disagreement over the child’s school choice led to a contested custody hearing.

Example: A disagreement over the child’s school choice led to a contested custody hearing.

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DISCOVERY

Definition: The pretrial process through which parties exchange information and evidence relevant to the case, including depositions, interrogatories, document requests, and admissions; in family law, discovery helps determine financial status, parenting ability, or allegations of abuse. Explanation: The process of gathering and sharing information before trial. Example: Through discovery, the mother obtained the father’s bank records for the child support case.

Explanation: The process of gathering and sharing information before trial. Example: Through discovery, the mother obtained the father’s bank records for the child support case.

Example: Through discovery, the mother obtained the father’s bank records for the child support case.

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DISMISSAL

Definition: A court’s termination of a case without further hearing or judgment; in family law, dismissal may occur if the petition is withdrawn, settled, or legally insufficient. Explanation: When the court ends a case before a final decision. Example: The judge granted a dismissal of the custody petition after the parties reconciled.

Explanation: When the court ends a case before a final decision. Example: The judge granted a dismissal of the custody petition after the parties reconciled.

Example: The judge granted a dismissal of the custody petition after the parties reconciled.

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DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE

Definition: A court’s termination of a case that bars the petitioner from bringing the same claim again; in family law, this prevents repeated litigation of the same custody, support, or divorce issues. Explanation: When the court ends a case permanently and it cannot be refiled. Example: The mother’s claim for relocation was dismissed with prejudice after the court found no legal basis.

Explanation: When the court ends a case permanently and it cannot be refiled. Example: The mother’s claim for relocation was dismissed with prejudice after the court found no legal basis.

Example: The mother’s claim for relocation was dismissed with prejudice after the court found no legal basis.

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DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE

Definition: A court’s termination of a case that allows the petitioner to refile the same claim in the future; in family law, dismissals without prejudice often occur when a petition is incomplete or premature. Explanation: When the court ends a case but allows it to be filed again later. Example: The father’s child support petition was dismissed without prejudice so he could refile with proper documentation.

Explanation: When the court ends a case but allows it to be filed again later. Example: The father’s child support petition was dismissed without prejudice so he could refile with proper documentation.

Example: The father’s child support petition was dismissed without prejudice so he could refile with proper documentation.

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DISPENSE WITH

Definition: To waive or eliminate a legal requirement, procedure, or formality by court order; in family law, courts may dispense with notice, service, or consent under certain circumstances. Explanation: When the court says a normal legal step is not needed. Example: The judge decided to dispense with the father’s consent to the adoption due to abandonment.

Explanation: When the court says a normal legal step is not needed. Example: The judge decided to dispense with the father’s consent to the adoption due to abandonment.

Example: The judge decided to dispense with the father’s consent to the adoption due to abandonment.

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DISPOSITION

Definition: The court’s final determination of a case or a specific issue within a case; in family law, disposition may include custody orders, support determinations, or findings of dependency. Explanation: The final decision the court makes in a case. Example: The disposition of the divorce case awarded custody to the mother and child support from the father.

Explanation: The final decision the court makes in a case. Example: The disposition of the divorce case awarded custody to the mother and child support from the father.

Example: The disposition of the divorce case awarded custody to the mother and child support from the father.

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DISPOSITION OF ASSETS

Definition: The allocation, sale, or transfer of property as determined by court order or agreement; in family law, it refers to how marital or community assets are divided at divorce. Explanation: How the court decides property or money will be handled in divorce. Example: The judge ordered the disposition of assets by dividing the marital home and retirement accounts.

Explanation: How the court decides property or money will be handled in divorce. Example: The judge ordered the disposition of assets by dividing the marital home and retirement accounts.

Example: The judge ordered the disposition of assets by dividing the marital home and retirement accounts.

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DISPOSITIONAL HEARING

Definition: A hearing held after a finding of dependency, neglect, or delinquency to determine the appropriate placement, custody, or services for a child; in family law, dispositional hearings focus on the child’s best interests and long-term plan. Explanation: A court hearing to decide what should happen to a child after the court finds abuse, neglect, or dependency. Example: At the dispositional hearing, the judge ordered foster care and reunification services for the parents.

Explanation: A court hearing to decide what should happen to a child after the court finds abuse, neglect, or dependency. Example: At the dispositional hearing, the judge ordered foster care and reunification services for the parents.

Example: At the dispositional hearing, the judge ordered foster care and reunification services for the parents.

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DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE

Definition: The legal term for divorce, ending a valid marriage by court order. Explanation: Another word for divorce; ending a marriage legally. Example: She filed a petition for dissolution of marriage.

Explanation: Another word for divorce; ending a marriage legally. Example: She filed a petition for dissolution of marriage.

Example: She filed a petition for dissolution of marriage.

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DIVORCE

Definition: The legal dissolution of a valid marriage by a court, terminating the marital relationship and addressing related issues such as custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, and division of property. Explanation: When a court officially ends a marriage and decides custody, support, and property matters. Example: The court granted the divorce and ordered joint legal custody of the children.

Explanation: When a court officially ends a marriage and decides custody, support, and property matters. Example: The court granted the divorce and ordered joint legal custody of the children.

Example: The court granted the divorce and ordered joint legal custody of the children.

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DNA

Definition: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material used for identification; in family law, DNA testing is often used to establish or dispute paternity and parentage, providing nearly conclusive evidence of biological relationships. Explanation: Genetic testing used to prove if someone is the biological parent of a child. Example: The court ordered DNA testing to confirm the alleged father’s paternity.

Explanation: Genetic testing used to prove if someone is the biological parent of a child. Example: The court ordered DNA testing to confirm the alleged father’s paternity.

Example: The court ordered DNA testing to confirm the alleged father’s paternity.

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DOCKET

Definition: The official list or calendar of cases maintained by a court, showing scheduled hearings, filings, and pending matters; in family law, the docket includes divorce, custody, support, and protection cases. Explanation: The court’s official list of all the cases it must handle. Example: The divorce case appeared on the family court’s docket for hearing next month.

Explanation: The court’s official list of all the cases it must handle. Example: The divorce case appeared on the family court’s docket for hearing next month.

Example: The divorce case appeared on the family court’s docket for hearing next month.

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DOCKET NUMBER

Definition: A unique identifying number assigned by the court to each case, used for tracking filings, orders, and proceedings; in family law, docket numbers ensure accurate reference to divorce, custody, or support cases. Explanation: The special number given to each case to keep track of it in court. Example: The custody petition was filed under docket number BFL-25-123456.

Explanation: The special number given to each case to keep track of it in court. Example: The custody petition was filed under docket number BFL-25-123456.

Example: The custody petition was filed under docket number BFL-25-123456.

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DOCUMENTARY PROOF

Definition: Written or recorded evidence submitted to the court to establish a fact, such as contracts, financial records, medical reports, or school records; in family law, documentary proof supports claims regarding income, parenting ability, or allegations of abuse. Explanation: Written or recorded documents used as evidence in court. Example: The mother presented documentary proof of the father’s income through his pay stubs.

Explanation: Written or recorded documents used as evidence in court. Example: The mother presented documentary proof of the father’s income through his pay stubs.

Example: The mother presented documentary proof of the father’s income through his pay stubs.

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Definition: Abuse or threats of abuse within a family or intimate relationship, including physical, emotional, or financial harm. Explanation: Abuse between partners or family members. Example: The court issued a restraining order after evidence of domestic violence.

Explanation: Abuse between partners or family members. Example: The court issued a restraining order after evidence of domestic violence.

Example: The court issued a restraining order after evidence of domestic violence.

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RESTRAINING ORDER

Definition: A court order that protects a person from abuse, threats, or harassment by a current or former spouse, partner, family member, or household member. It can restrict contact, require the abuser to move out, and provide temporary custody or support orders. Explanation: A legal order to keep an abuser away from the victim and protect their safety. Example: The judge issued a domestic violence restraining order preventing the husband from contacting his wife and children.

Explanation: A legal order to keep an abuser away from the victim and protect their safety. Example: The judge issued a domestic violence restraining order preventing the husband from contacting his wife and children.

Example: The judge issued a domestic violence restraining order preventing the husband from contacting his wife and children.

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT

Definition: An evaluation used to assess the likelihood of domestic violence occurring or recurring, often used in custody or protective order cases. Explanation: A test to see how likely domestic violence is to happen or happen again. Example: The court required a domestic violence risk assessment before allowing unsupervised visitation.

Explanation: A test to see how likely domestic violence is to happen or happen again. Example: The court required a domestic violence risk assessment before allowing unsupervised visitation.

Example: The court required a domestic violence risk assessment before allowing unsupervised visitation.

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DOMICILE

Definition: A person’s permanent legal residence, where they intend to remain or return; in family law, domicile determines jurisdiction for divorce, custody, and adoption proceedings. Explanation: A person’s true home for legal purposes, not just where they are temporarily staying. Example: The court confirmed the mother’s domicile in the state before accepting her divorce petition.

Explanation: A person’s true home for legal purposes, not just where they are temporarily staying. Example: The court confirmed the mother’s domicile in the state before accepting her divorce petition.

Example: The court confirmed the mother’s domicile in the state before accepting her divorce petition.

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DUE DILIGENCE

Definition: The reasonable efforts a person must make to fulfill a legal requirement or obligation; in family law, due diligence often arises when attempting service of process, investigating financial records, or locating a missing parent. Explanation: Taking all reasonable steps to meet a legal responsibility. Example: The petitioner showed due diligence in trying to serve the father with custody papers before requesting service by publication.

Explanation: Taking all reasonable steps to meet a legal responsibility. Example: The petitioner showed due diligence in trying to serve the father with custody papers before requesting service by publication.

Example: The petitioner showed due diligence in trying to serve the father with custody papers before requesting service by publication.

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DUE PROCESS

Definition: The constitutional guarantee that legal proceedings will be fair, that individuals will receive notice of proceedings, and that they will have an opportunity to be heard; in family law, due process ensures fairness in custody, support, and parental rights cases. Explanation: The right to fair legal procedures, including notice and a chance to be heard. Example: The father argued that his due process rights were violated when the custody hearing was held without notifying him.

Explanation: The right to fair legal procedures, including notice and a chance to be heard. Example: The father argued that his due process rights were violated when the custody hearing was held without notifying him.

Example: The father argued that his due process rights were violated when the custody hearing was held without notifying him.

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DUE PROCESS OF LAW

Definition: A broader legal principle that incorporates both procedural due process (fair procedures) and substantive due process (protection of fundamental rights), ensuring justice and fairness in court proceedings; in family law, it applies in termination of parental rights, custody determinations, and adoption cases. Explanation: The legal rule that courts must act fairly and protect basic rights when making decisions. Example: The appellate court reversed the termination of parental rights because the parents were denied due process of law.

Explanation: The legal rule that courts must act fairly and protect basic rights when making decisions. Example: The appellate court reversed the termination of parental rights because the parents were denied due process of law.

Example: The appellate court reversed the termination of parental rights because the parents were denied due process of law.

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DURESS

Definition: Unlawful pressure or coercion that forces someone to act against their free will, such as signing an agreement; in family law, a divorce settlement or prenuptial agreement signed under duress may be invalid. Explanation: When someone is forced or pressured to do something they don’t want to do, making it unfair. Example: The wife argued that she signed the marital settlement agreement under duress.

Explanation: When someone is forced or pressured to do something they don’t want to do, making it unfair. Example: The wife argued that she signed the marital settlement agreement under duress.

Example: The wife argued that she signed the marital settlement agreement under duress.

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DUTY

Definition: A legal obligation to act or refrain from acting in a certain way; in family law, duties include the duty to support children financially, to provide care, or to comply with court orders. Explanation: A legal responsibility that a person must follow. Example: Parents have a legal duty to provide financial support for their children.

Explanation: A legal responsibility that a person must follow. Example: Parents have a legal duty to provide financial support for their children.

Example: Parents have a legal duty to provide financial support for their children.

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EARLY NEUTRAL EVALUATION (FAMILY LAW)

Definition: A process where a neutral evaluator listens to both parties early in the case and provides an assessment to encourage settlement. Explanation: An early review by a neutral expert to help settle the case. Example: The parties participated in early neutral evaluation to avoid a trial.

Explanation: An early review by a neutral expert to help settle the case. Example: The parties participated in early neutral evaluation to avoid a trial.

Example: The parties participated in early neutral evaluation to avoid a trial.

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EMANCIPATION

Definition: A legal process by which a minor is declared independent from parental control and responsibility. Explanation: When a teenager is made legally independent from their parents. Example: She sought emancipation to live on her own before age 18.

Explanation: When a teenager is made legally independent from their parents. Example: She sought emancipation to live on her own before age 18.

Example: She sought emancipation to live on her own before age 18.

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EMERGENCY CUSTODY ORDER

Definition: A temporary order issued quickly to protect a child in immediate danger. Explanation: A fast custody order when a child is unsafe. Example: The judge signed an emergency custody order after the abuse report.

Explanation: A fast custody order when a child is unsafe. Example: The judge signed an emergency custody order after the abuse report.

Example: The judge signed an emergency custody order after the abuse report.

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EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE ORDER (EPO)

Definition: A short-term court order protecting a child or adult from immediate danger, often issued in cases of domestic violence or abuse. Explanation: A quick order to keep someone safe from harm. Example: The victim obtained an emergency protective order after reporting abuse.

Explanation: A quick order to keep someone safe from harm. Example: The victim obtained an emergency protective order after reporting abuse.

Example: The victim obtained an emergency protective order after reporting abuse.

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EMERGENCY RELIEF

Definition: Immediate, temporary orders issued by the court to protect parties or children from harm or to preserve the status quo until a full hearing can be held; in family law, emergency relief may include restraining orders, temporary custody, or suspension of visitation. Explanation: Quick court action to protect someone until a full hearing can happen. Example: The judge granted emergency relief by giving the mother temporary custody after evidence of abuse.

Explanation: Quick court action to protect someone until a full hearing can happen. Example: The judge granted emergency relief by giving the mother temporary custody after evidence of abuse.

Example: The judge granted emergency relief by giving the mother temporary custody after evidence of abuse.

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EMERGENCY TEMPORARY CUSTODY

Definition: A temporary custody order granted by the court when a child is in immediate danger or urgent action is required. Explanation: A short-term custody order to protect a child in danger. Example: The grandmother was granted emergency temporary custody after allegations of neglect arose.

Explanation: A short-term custody order to protect a child in danger. Example: The grandmother was granted emergency temporary custody after allegations of neglect arose.

Example: The grandmother was granted emergency temporary custody after allegations of neglect arose.

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EMPLOYER

Definition: A person or entity that hires and pays workers; in family law, employers are often directed by court order to withhold child support or spousal support payments directly from an employee’s wages. Explanation: A person or company that gives someone a job and pays them. Example: The father’s employer was ordered to deduct child support payments from his paycheck.

Explanation: A person or company that gives someone a job and pays them. Example: The father’s employer was ordered to deduct child support payments from his paycheck.

Example: The father’s employer was ordered to deduct child support payments from his paycheck.

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ENFORCE

Definition: To compel compliance with a law, order, or judgment through legal means; in family law, courts enforce child support, spousal support, custody, and visitation orders through contempt, wage garnishment, or other remedies. Explanation: To make sure a court order is obeyed. Example: The court moved to enforce the visitation order after repeated violations by the mother.

Explanation: To make sure a court order is obeyed. Example: The court moved to enforce the visitation order after repeated violations by the mother.

Example: The court moved to enforce the visitation order after repeated violations by the mother.

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ENFORCEABLE BY THE COURT

Definition: A right, duty, or agreement that can be compelled or upheld by legal action; in family law, agreements regarding custody, support, or property division must be enforceable by the court to carry legal weight. Explanation: Something the judge can make happen by law. Example: The parenting agreement became enforceable by the court once it was signed by the judge.

Explanation: Something the judge can make happen by law. Example: The parenting agreement became enforceable by the court once it was signed by the judge.

Example: The parenting agreement became enforceable by the court once it was signed by the judge.

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ENFORCEMENT

Definition: The legal process of ensuring compliance with a court order or judgment; in family law, enforcement actions include garnishment of wages, contempt findings, or suspension of licenses for nonpayment of support. Explanation: Steps taken to make sure court orders are followed. Example: The state child support agency initiated enforcement after months of unpaid support.

Explanation: Steps taken to make sure court orders are followed. Example: The state child support agency initiated enforcement after months of unpaid support.

Example: The state child support agency initiated enforcement after months of unpaid support.

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ENJOIN

Definition: To legally prohibit or command an act through a court order, often issued as an injunction; in family law, courts may enjoin harassment, removal of children from jurisdiction, or dissipation of marital assets. Explanation: When the judge orders someone to stop doing or to do something. Example: The court enjoined the father from taking the child out of state without permission.

Explanation: When the judge orders someone to stop doing or to do something. Example: The court enjoined the father from taking the child out of state without permission.

Example: The court enjoined the father from taking the child out of state without permission.

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ENTER AN ORDER

Definition: The formal act by which a court’s decision is recorded as an official order, making it legally binding and enforceable. Explanation: When the judge officially records a decision as a court order. Example: The judge entered an order granting joint custody of the children.

Explanation: When the judge officially records a decision as a court order. Example: The judge entered an order granting joint custody of the children.

Example: The judge entered an order granting joint custody of the children.

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ENTERTAIN A MOTION

Definition: To consider and rule upon a motion submitted by a party; in family law, judges entertain motions on issues such as temporary custody, child support, visitation, or protective orders. Explanation: When a judge agrees to hear and decide on a request made in a case. Example: The court agreed to entertain a motion for temporary child support during the divorce.

Explanation: When a judge agrees to hear and decide on a request made in a case. Example: The court agreed to entertain a motion for temporary child support during the divorce.

Example: The court agreed to entertain a motion for temporary child support during the divorce.

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ENTRY OF JUDGMENT

Definition: The recording of a final judgment in the official court record, making it effective and enforceable; in family law, this may include divorce decrees, custody judgments, or support orders. Explanation: When the final decision of the court is officially entered into the record. Example: The clerk filed the entry of judgment for the divorce, finalizing the case.

Explanation: When the final decision of the court is officially entered into the record. Example: The clerk filed the entry of judgment for the divorce, finalizing the case.

Example: The clerk filed the entry of judgment for the divorce, finalizing the case.

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EPSTEIN CREDITS

Definition: A reimbursement credit given to a spouse in a divorce case for separate property funds used to pay community debts after separation. It comes from the California case In re Marriage of Epstein (1979). Explanation: A spouse gets credit when they use their own money (not community funds) to pay off joint debts after separation. Example: The wife received Epstein credits for paying the mortgage with her separate earnings after the couple separated.

Explanation: A spouse gets credit when they use their own money (not community funds) to pay off joint debts after separation. Example: The wife received Epstein credits for paying the mortgage with her separate earnings after the couple separated.

Example: The wife received Epstein credits for paying the mortgage with her separate earnings after the couple separated.

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EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS

Definition: A constitutional principle under the Fourteenth Amendment requiring that similarly situated individuals be treated equally under the law; in family law, equal protection may apply to custody rights, adoption eligibility, or support obligations. Explanation: The rule that people in the same situation must be treated the same by law. Example: The father argued that denying him custody rights violated equal protection of laws.

Explanation: The rule that people in the same situation must be treated the same by law. Example: The father argued that denying him custody rights violated equal protection of laws.

Example: The father argued that denying him custody rights violated equal protection of laws.

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EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION

Definition: A system used in many states for dividing marital property fairly, though not always equally, based on factors such as length of marriage, contributions of each spouse, and economic circumstances. Explanation: Dividing property in a fair way between spouses, not always 50/50. Example: The court applied equitable distribution to divide the couple’s retirement accounts and real estate.

Explanation: Dividing property in a fair way between spouses, not always 50/50. Example: The court applied equitable distribution to divide the couple’s retirement accounts and real estate.

Example: The court applied equitable distribution to divide the couple’s retirement accounts and real estate.

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EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION WORKSHEET

Definition: A form used in divorce cases to list and fairly divide marital property between the spouses. Explanation: A worksheet showing how marital property is divided in divorce. Example: The equitable distribution worksheet helped the judge divide the couple’s property fairly.

Explanation: A worksheet showing how marital property is divided in divorce. Example: The equitable distribution worksheet helped the judge divide the couple’s property fairly.

Example: The equitable distribution worksheet helped the judge divide the couple’s property fairly.

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ESTATE

Definition: All property, assets, and debts owned by a person at death, or sometimes during life in trust or guardianship; in family law, estates are relevant in cases of inheritance, child support claims against estates, or guardianship of a child’s estate. Explanation: Everything a person owns, including money, property, and debts, especially after death. Example: The child’s guardian was appointed to manage the estate inherited from his grandparents.

Explanation: Everything a person owns, including money, property, and debts, especially after death. Example: The child’s guardian was appointed to manage the estate inherited from his grandparents.

Example: The child’s guardian was appointed to manage the estate inherited from his grandparents.

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EVIDENCE

Definition: Testimony, documents, objects, or other items presented to the court to prove or disprove facts in dispute; in family law, evidence may include school records, financial statements, medical reports, or witness testimony concerning custody, support, or abuse. Explanation: Proof presented in court to show whether something is true. Example: The mother presented evidence of the father’s missed child support payments at the hearing.

Explanation: Proof presented in court to show whether something is true. Example: The mother presented evidence of the father’s missed child support payments at the hearing.

Example: The mother presented evidence of the father’s missed child support payments at the hearing.

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EVIDENTIARY HEARING

Definition: A court proceeding where parties present evidence and testimony for the judge to consider. Explanation: A hearing where the judge listens to evidence from both sides. Example: The court scheduled an evidentiary hearing on visitation issues.

Explanation: A hearing where the judge listens to evidence from both sides. Example: The court scheduled an evidentiary hearing on visitation issues.

Example: The court scheduled an evidentiary hearing on visitation issues.

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EX PARTE MOTION

Definition: A request made to the court by one party without notifying the other, often in urgent cases involving custody or protection. Explanation: Asking the court for something urgent without telling the other side first. Example: She filed an ex parte motion for temporary custody due to safety concerns.

Explanation: Asking the court for something urgent without telling the other side first. Example: She filed an ex parte motion for temporary custody due to safety concerns.

Example: She filed an ex parte motion for temporary custody due to safety concerns.

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EX PARTE ORDER

Definition: A court order made without the other party present, usually for urgent matters. Explanation: A quick court order without telling the other side first. Example: She requested an ex parte order for protection.

Explanation: A quick court order without telling the other side first. Example: She requested an ex parte order for protection.

Example: She requested an ex parte order for protection.

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EXAMINATION (DIRECT AND CROSS)

Definition: Questioning of witnesses in court, either by the party who called them (direct) or the opposing party (cross). Explanation: When lawyers ask questions of witnesses in court. Example: The father’s attorney conducted a cross-examination of the witness.

Explanation: When lawyers ask questions of witnesses in court. Example: The father’s attorney conducted a cross-examination of the witness.

Example: The father’s attorney conducted a cross-examination of the witness.

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EXECUTION AGAINST WAGES

Definition: A court-ordered process directing an employer to withhold a portion of an employee’s wages to satisfy a judgment or debt; in family law, commonly used to collect overdue child support or spousal support. Explanation: When the court orders money to be taken directly from a person’s paycheck to pay support. Example: The judge ordered execution against wages after the father fell behind on child support.

Explanation: When the court orders money to be taken directly from a person’s paycheck to pay support. Example: The judge ordered execution against wages after the father fell behind on child support.

Example: The judge ordered execution against wages after the father fell behind on child support.

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EXEMPT

Definition: A status or condition freeing a person or property from a legal duty, payment, or liability; in family law, certain income or assets may be exempt from support calculations or enforcement. Explanation: When something is legally excused from a rule or payment. Example: Disability payments were exempt from the income considered for spousal support.

Explanation: When something is legally excused from a rule or payment. Example: Disability payments were exempt from the income considered for spousal support.

Example: Disability payments were exempt from the income considered for spousal support.

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EXEMPTION

Definition: A specific exclusion or privilege that removes a person or property from liability or obligation under the law; in family law, exemptions may include child tax exemptions or statutory exemptions in calculating income for support. Explanation: A rule that allows someone to avoid paying or being subject to something the law usually requires. Example: The mother claimed the child as a tax exemption after being awarded primary custody.

Explanation: A rule that allows someone to avoid paying or being subject to something the law usually requires. Example: The mother claimed the child as a tax exemption after being awarded primary custody.

Example: The mother claimed the child as a tax exemption after being awarded primary custody.

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EXHIBIT

Definition: A document, record, object, or piece of evidence formally introduced in court proceedings to support a party’s case; in family law, exhibits may include school records, medical reports, pay stubs, or photographs. Explanation: A piece of evidence shown to the judge in court. Example: The mother introduced the child’s medical records as an exhibit in the custody trial.

Explanation: A piece of evidence shown to the judge in court. Example: The mother introduced the child’s medical records as an exhibit in the custody trial.

Example: The mother introduced the child’s medical records as an exhibit in the custody trial.

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EXPENSES

Definition: The costs or outlays incurred by parties in relation to a legal matter; in family law, expenses often include childcare, medical costs, educational costs, and litigation expenses. Explanation: Money spent on needs or related costs, sometimes shared by the parents. Example: The decree required both parents to share the child’s extracurricular expenses equally.

Explanation: Money spent on needs or related costs, sometimes shared by the parents. Example: The decree required both parents to share the child’s extracurricular expenses equally.

Example: The decree required both parents to share the child’s extracurricular expenses equally.

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EXPERT TESTIMONY

Definition: Evidence given by a qualified professional who provides specialized knowledge to assist the court in understanding complex issues; in family law, expert testimony may involve psychologists, financial analysts, or child development specialists. Explanation: When a professional explains technical or specialized matters to the court. Example: The court relied on expert testimony from a psychologist about the child’s attachment to each parent.

Explanation: When a professional explains technical or specialized matters to the court. Example: The court relied on expert testimony from a psychologist about the child’s attachment to each parent.

Example: The court relied on expert testimony from a psychologist about the child’s attachment to each parent.

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EXPERT WITNESS

Definition: A professional with specialized expertise who is qualified by the court to give opinions and testify about matters requiring expert knowledge; in family law, expert witnesses often include custody evaluators, accountants, and medical professionals. Explanation: A professional allowed by the judge to give expert opinions in court. Example: The custody evaluator testified as an expert witness in the relocation case.

Explanation: A professional allowed by the judge to give expert opinions in court. Example: The custody evaluator testified as an expert witness in the relocation case.

Example: The custody evaluator testified as an expert witness in the relocation case.

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EXTEND

Definition: To lengthen the time period or expand the scope of a court order, obligation, or deadline; in family law, courts may extend restraining orders, support obligations, or deadlines for filing. Explanation: To make something last longer or cover more time. Example: The judge extended the temporary restraining order for another six months.

Explanation: To make something last longer or cover more time. Example: The judge extended the temporary restraining order for another six months.

Example: The judge extended the temporary restraining order for another six months.

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EXTENSION

Definition: The act of granting additional time to perform a legal duty or the continuation of a court order; in family law, extensions may apply to visitation periods, filing deadlines, or temporary orders. Explanation: Extra time given to meet a deadline or continue an order. Example: The father requested an extension to file his financial disclosure in the divorce case.

Explanation: Extra time given to meet a deadline or continue an order. Example: The father requested an extension to file his financial disclosure in the divorce case.

Example: The father requested an extension to file his financial disclosure in the divorce case.

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EXTENUATING CIRCUMSTANCES

Definition: Facts or conditions that lessen the severity or culpability of an act, often considered by courts when determining consequences; in family law, extenuating circumstances may justify missed payments, visitation issues, or delays. Explanation: Special conditions that help explain or excuse someone’s failure to follow an order. Example: The court considered extenuating circumstances when the mother missed visitation due to hospitalization.

Explanation: Special conditions that help explain or excuse someone’s failure to follow an order. Example: The court considered extenuating circumstances when the mother missed visitation due to hospitalization.

Example: The court considered extenuating circumstances when the mother missed visitation due to hospitalization.

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EYEWITNESS

Definition: A person who directly observes and testifies about an event relevant to the case; in family law, eyewitness testimony may relate to parenting practices, domestic violence, or child neglect. Explanation: Someone who saw what happened and tells the judge about it. Example: An eyewitness testified that the father struck the mother during a visitation exchange.

Explanation: Someone who saw what happened and tells the judge about it. Example: An eyewitness testified that the father struck the mother during a visitation exchange.

Example: An eyewitness testified that the father struck the mother during a visitation exchange.

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FACTUAL BASIS

Definition: The underlying facts and evidence that support a claim, order, or legal conclusion; in family law, courts require a factual basis to issue orders regarding custody, support, or termination of parental rights. Explanation: The facts that back up a court’s decision or a party’s claim. Example: The judge found a factual basis for terminating parental rights due to continued neglect.

Explanation: The facts that back up a court’s decision or a party’s claim. Example: The judge found a factual basis for terminating parental rights due to continued neglect.

Example: The judge found a factual basis for terminating parental rights due to continued neglect.

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FAMILY CASE CONFERENCE

Definition: A meeting between the parties, their lawyers, and sometimes a judge or mediator to discuss family law issues and encourage settlement before trial. Explanation: A meeting to talk about family law issues and try to settle before going to trial. Example: The judge scheduled a family case conference to resolve custody and support disputes.

Explanation: A meeting to talk about family law issues and try to settle before going to trial. Example: The judge scheduled a family case conference to resolve custody and support disputes.

Example: The judge scheduled a family case conference to resolve custody and support disputes.

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FAMILY COURT

Definition: A specialized court that hears cases related to family law matters such as divorce, custody, and support. Explanation: The court that handles family cases. Example: Their dispute was scheduled in family court.

Explanation: The court that handles family cases. Example: Their dispute was scheduled in family court.

Example: Their dispute was scheduled in family court.

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FAMILY COURT SERVICES

Definition: Court programs that provide mediation, evaluations, and services in custody disputes. Explanation: Services run by the court to help with custody cases. Example: They attended mediation through family court services.

Explanation: Services run by the court to help with custody cases. Example: They attended mediation through family court services.

Example: They attended mediation through family court services.

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FAMILY COURT SERVICES REPORT

Definition: A written report prepared by family court services, often after mediation or investigation, giving recommendations to the judge about custody or visitation. Explanation: A report from family court staff with recommendations about custody or visitation. Example: The family court services report recommended joint custody with the mother as the primary caregiver.

Explanation: A report from family court staff with recommendations about custody or visitation. Example: The family court services report recommended joint custody with the mother as the primary caregiver.

Example: The family court services report recommended joint custody with the mother as the primary caregiver.

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FAMILY DIVISION

Definition: A specialized branch or section of the court system dedicated to handling cases involving family law matters, such as divorce, child custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, adoption, guardianship, domestic violence, and juvenile issues. The family division ensures that judges and staff are trained in family law and that sensitive cases receive focused attention. Explanation: The part of the court that deals only with family-related cases. Example: The custody petition was filed in the family division of the superior court, where judges focus on family law matters.

Explanation: The part of the court that deals only with family-related cases. Example: The custody petition was filed in the family division of the superior court, where judges focus on family law matters.

Example: The custody petition was filed in the family division of the superior court, where judges focus on family law matters.

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FAMILY LAW FACILITATOR

Definition: A court employee who helps self-represented parties with forms and procedures in family law cases. Explanation: A helper at court who explains family law paperwork. Example: The family law facilitator helped him complete the child support forms.

Explanation: A helper at court who explains family law paperwork. Example: The family law facilitator helped him complete the child support forms.

Example: The family law facilitator helped him complete the child support forms.

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FAMILY MAINTENANCE REVIEW HEARING

Definition: A court hearing to review whether parents are complying with child or spousal support orders and to make changes if needed. Explanation: A hearing to check if support orders are being followed and if changes are needed. Example: At the review hearing, the judge modified spousal support due to a change in income.

Explanation: A hearing to check if support orders are being followed and if changes are needed. Example: At the review hearing, the judge modified spousal support due to a change in income.

Example: At the review hearing, the judge modified spousal support due to a change in income.

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FAMILY MEDIATION AGREEMENT

Definition: A written settlement reached by parties in mediation, often covering custody, visitation, and support, which can be made into a court order. Explanation: The written agreement parents make in mediation about custody and support. Example: The parents signed a family mediation agreement resolving all custody issues.

Explanation: The written agreement parents make in mediation about custody and support. Example: The parents signed a family mediation agreement resolving all custody issues.

Example: The parents signed a family mediation agreement resolving all custody issues.

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FAMILY REUNIFICATION

Definition: The process of returning children in foster care to their parents when safe and appropriate. Explanation: Sending foster children back to their parents safely. Example: The agency developed a plan for family reunification.

Explanation: Sending foster children back to their parents safely. Example: The agency developed a plan for family reunification.

Example: The agency developed a plan for family reunification.

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FAMILY SUPPORT

Definition: Financial assistance ordered by the court that combines both child support and spousal support into a single payment; commonly used in jurisdictions where calculating one combined obligation simplifies enforcement and collection. Explanation: A court-ordered payment that covers both child support and spousal support together. Example: The divorce decree required the father to pay monthly family support, which included money for the children and the ex-spouse.

Explanation: A court-ordered payment that covers both child support and spousal support together. Example: The divorce decree required the father to pay monthly family support, which included money for the children and the ex-spouse.

Example: The divorce decree required the father to pay monthly family support, which included money for the children and the ex-spouse.

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FATHER’S RIGHTS

Definition: Legal rights of fathers regarding custody, visitation, and decision-making for their children. Explanation: The rights a father has to see and care for his child. Example: The father asserted his rights during the custody case.

Explanation: The rights a father has to see and care for his child. Example: The father asserted his rights during the custody case.

Example: The father asserted his rights during the custody case.

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FEE SCHEDULE

Definition: A detailed list of the costs and charges set by law or the court for filing documents, motions, or other legal services; in family law, fee schedules govern filing fees for divorce petitions, custody motions, and certified copies. Explanation: A list showing how much different court filings or services cost. Example: The clerk provided the fee schedule listing the costs for filing a custody modification.

Explanation: A list showing how much different court filings or services cost. Example: The clerk provided the fee schedule listing the costs for filing a custody modification.

Example: The clerk provided the fee schedule listing the costs for filing a custody modification.

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FEES

Definition: Payments required for court filings, services, or representation; in family law, fees include filing fees, service fees, or attorney’s fees. Explanation: Money paid to the court or professionals for their work or services. Example: The mother asked the court to order the father to pay her attorney’s fees after the custody trial.

Explanation: Money paid to the court or professionals for their work or services. Example: The mother asked the court to order the father to pay her attorney’s fees after the custody trial.

Example: The mother asked the court to order the father to pay her attorney’s fees after the custody trial.

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FILE

Definition: To officially submit a legal document to the court clerk so it becomes part of the case record; in family law, parties file petitions, motions, responses, and financial disclosures. Explanation: To hand in official papers to the court so they become part of the case. Example: The father went to the courthouse to file his response to the divorce petition.

Explanation: To hand in official papers to the court so they become part of the case. Example: The father went to the courthouse to file his response to the divorce petition.

Example: The father went to the courthouse to file his response to the divorce petition.

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FILE A MOTION

Definition: To formally request that the court take a specific action or make a ruling on an issue; in family law, motions may ask for temporary custody, support, or a change in visitation. Explanation: To submit a written request asking the judge to decide on something in the case. Example: The mother decided to file a motion for temporary child support while the divorce was pending.

Explanation: To submit a written request asking the judge to decide on something in the case. Example: The mother decided to file a motion for temporary child support while the divorce was pending.

Example: The mother decided to file a motion for temporary child support while the divorce was pending.

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FILE AN APPEAL

Definition: To initiate appellate proceedings by submitting a notice of appeal and required documents to challenge a trial court’s decision; in family law, appeals may concern custody, visitation, support, or property division. Explanation: To officially ask a higher court to review and change a lower court’s decision. Example: The father decided to file an appeal after the trial court denied his relocation request.

Explanation: To officially ask a higher court to review and change a lower court’s decision. Example: The father decided to file an appeal after the trial court denied his relocation request.

Example: The father decided to file an appeal after the trial court denied his relocation request.

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FILE SUIT

Definition: To commence a lawsuit by filing a complaint or petition in court; in family law, filing suit may involve divorce, custody, child support, or protective orders. Explanation: To start a case in court by submitting the first legal papers. Example: The wife chose to file suit for divorce after years of separation.

Explanation: To start a case in court by submitting the first legal papers. Example: The wife chose to file suit for divorce after years of separation.

Example: The wife chose to file suit for divorce after years of separation.

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FILING FEE

Definition: The charge imposed by the court when a party submits a petition, motion, or other document to open or proceed with a case; in family law, filing fees apply to divorce petitions, custody requests, or modifications. Explanation: Money paid to the court when submitting documents to start or continue a case. Example: The mother paid the filing fee when she submitted her petition to modify child support.

Explanation: Money paid to the court when submitting documents to start or continue a case. Example: The mother paid the filing fee when she submitted her petition to modify child support.

Example: The mother paid the filing fee when she submitted her petition to modify child support.

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FINAL JUDGMENT

Definition: The court’s last order resolving all issues in a case. Explanation: The final decision of the court that ends the case. Example: The divorce was complete after the final judgment was entered.

Explanation: The final decision of the court that ends the case. Example: The divorce was complete after the final judgment was entered.

Example: The divorce was complete after the final judgment was entered.

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FINAL RESTRAINING ORDER

Definition: A long-term protective order issued by the court after a hearing, prohibiting contact or harassment by the restrained party; in family law, final restraining orders are often granted in domestic violence cases to ensure the safety of the victim and children. Explanation: A permanent order that stops one person from contacting or harming another after a court hearing. Example: The court issued a final restraining order preventing the father from contacting the mother due to domestic violence.

Explanation: A permanent order that stops one person from contacting or harming another after a court hearing. Example: The court issued a final restraining order preventing the father from contacting the mother due to domestic violence.

Example: The court issued a final restraining order preventing the father from contacting the mother due to domestic violence.

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FINANCE

Definition: The management of money, property, and economic resources; in family law, finance relates to determining income, expenses, debts, and assets to decide child support, spousal support, and division of property. Explanation: Money matters such as income, debts, and property that courts consider in family cases. Example: The divorce decree included detailed provisions about the parties’ finance, dividing assets and debts.

Explanation: Money matters such as income, debts, and property that courts consider in family cases. Example: The divorce decree included detailed provisions about the parties’ finance, dividing assets and debts.

Example: The divorce decree included detailed provisions about the parties’ finance, dividing assets and debts.

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FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Definition: Data regarding a party’s income, expenses, debts, and assets, provided to the court to assess support obligations or property division; disclosure is required in most family law proceedings. Explanation: A person’s money details, including what they earn, spend, owe, and own. Example: The mother submitted financial information to support her claim for increased child support.

Explanation: A person’s money details, including what they earn, spend, owe, and own. Example: The mother submitted financial information to support her claim for increased child support.

Example: The mother submitted financial information to support her claim for increased child support.

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FINDING

Definition: A determination of fact made by a judge based on the evidence presented in a case; in family law, findings may relate to parental fitness, child’s best interests, or financial capacity. Explanation: A fact the judge decides is true after looking at the evidence. Example: The court made a finding that the father had failed to comply with visitation orders.

Explanation: A fact the judge decides is true after looking at the evidence. Example: The court made a finding that the father had failed to comply with visitation orders.

Example: The court made a finding that the father had failed to comply with visitation orders.

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FIRST APPEARANCE

Definition: The initial court proceeding where a party is formally brought before the judge, informed of the case, and procedural steps are scheduled; in family law, first appearances often occur in divorce, custody, or support cases. Explanation: The first time someone goes to court for their case. Example: At the first appearance, the judge set deadlines for exchanging financial information.

Explanation: The first time someone goes to court for their case. Example: At the first appearance, the judge set deadlines for exchanging financial information.

Example: At the first appearance, the judge set deadlines for exchanging financial information.

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FOR THE RECORD

Definition: A phrase used in court to indicate that a statement is being made for inclusion in the official transcript, ensuring clarity and accuracy in the case record. Explanation: Words spoken in court to make sure something is officially noted. Example: The attorney stated for the record that both parties had agreed to the visitation schedule.

Explanation: Words spoken in court to make sure something is officially noted. Example: The attorney stated for the record that both parties had agreed to the visitation schedule.

Example: The attorney stated for the record that both parties had agreed to the visitation schedule.

Español: for the record

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con for the record.

FORENSIC EVALUATION

Definition: A professional assessment ordered by the court, often psychological, to inform custody or visitation decisions. Explanation: An expert study ordered by the court to guide decisions. Example:The judge ordered a forensic evaluation in the custody matter.

Explanation: An expert study ordered by the court to guide decisions. Example:The judge ordered a forensic evaluation in the custody matter.

Example: The judge ordered a forensic evaluation in the custody matter.

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FORM INTERROGATORIES

Definition: Standardized sets of written questions created by law or court rule that one party may send to another to obtain information in discovery; in family law, form interrogatories cover issues like income, assets, custody, and support. Explanation: Prewritten lists of questions used in court cases to gather important information. Example: The mother answered form interrogatories about her income and childcare expenses in the divorce case.

Explanation: Prewritten lists of questions used in court cases to gather important information. Example: The mother answered form interrogatories about her income and childcare expenses in the divorce case.

Example: The mother answered form interrogatories about her income and childcare expenses in the divorce case.

Español: form interrogatories

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con form interrogatories.

FOSTER CARE

Definition: A system in which children who cannot safely live with their parents are placed in the temporary care of state-licensed families or facilities; family law courts oversee foster care placements, permanency plans, and reunification efforts. Explanation: Temporary care for children provided by another family or facility when parents cannot care for them. Example: The judge ordered that the neglected child be placed in foster care until the parents completed reunification services.

Explanation: Temporary care for children provided by another family or facility when parents cannot care for them. Example: The judge ordered that the neglected child be placed in foster care until the parents completed reunification services.

Example: The judge ordered that the neglected child be placed in foster care until the parents completed reunification services.

Español: foster care

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FOSTER FAMILY

Definition: A family licensed by the state to provide temporary care and supervision for children placed in foster care; in family law, foster families work with courts and agencies to ensure children’s safety. Explanation: A family approved to take care of children temporarily when their own parents cannot. Example: The foster family provided a safe home while the child’s parents completed substance abuse treatment.

Explanation: A family approved to take care of children temporarily when their own parents cannot. Example: The foster family provided a safe home while the child’s parents completed substance abuse treatment.

Example: The foster family provided a safe home while the child’s parents completed substance abuse treatment.

Español: foster family

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FOSTER HOME

Definition: A private residence licensed by the state to house children placed in foster care, either short-term or long-term, under the supervision of foster parents. Explanation: A licensed home where children in foster care live temporarily. Example: The child was placed in a foster home until a permanent placement could be arranged.

Explanation: A licensed home where children in foster care live temporarily. Example: The child was placed in a foster home until a permanent placement could be arranged.

Example: The child was placed in a foster home until a permanent placement could be arranged.

Español: foster home

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FRAUD

Definition: A deliberate misrepresentation or concealment of material facts intended to deceive another party, causing harm; in family law, fraud may invalidate prenuptial agreements, property settlements, or claims of parentage. Explanation: Lying or hiding important facts to trick someone in a legal case. Example: The court set aside the divorce settlement after finding the husband committed fraud by concealing assets.

Explanation: Lying or hiding important facts to trick someone in a legal case. Example: The court set aside the divorce settlement after finding the husband committed fraud by concealing assets.

Example: The court set aside the divorce settlement after finding the husband committed fraud by concealing assets.

Español: fraud

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con fraud.

FRINGE BENEFITS

Definition: Non-wage compensation provided by an employer, such as health insurance, retirement contributions, or company cars; in family law, fringe benefits are considered when calculating income for child or spousal support. Explanation: Job benefits other than salary, like insurance or retirement, counted in support cases. Example: The judge included the father’s fringe benefits in calculating his child support obligation.

Explanation: Job benefits other than salary, like insurance or retirement, counted in support cases. Example: The judge included the father’s fringe benefits in calculating his child support obligation.

Example: The judge included the father’s fringe benefits in calculating his child support obligation.

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FULL TIME

Definition: Employment status where an individual works the standard number of hours defined by law or employer policy, typically 35–40 hours per week; in family law, full-time work affects support obligations and parenting schedules. Explanation: A regular work schedule of about 40 hours a week. Example: The court considered the father’s full-time employment when setting the child support amount.

Explanation: A regular work schedule of about 40 hours a week. Example: The court considered the father’s full-time employment when setting the child support amount.

Example: The court considered the father’s full-time employment when setting the child support amount.

Español: full time

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GARNISH

Definition: To legally withhold part of a person’s wages or assets to satisfy a debt or obligation by court order; in family law, garnishment is commonly used to collect unpaid child or spousal support. Explanation: Taking money directly from someone’s paycheck by court order to pay a debt. Example: The mother requested the court to garnish the father’s wages for overdue child support.

Explanation: Taking money directly from someone’s paycheck by court order to pay a debt. Example: The mother requested the court to garnish the father’s wages for overdue child support.

Example: The mother requested the court to garnish the father’s wages for overdue child support.

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GARNISHMENT

Definition: The legal process of collecting money from a person’s wages or bank account by court order to satisfy debts; in family law, wage garnishment is a common enforcement tool for support obligations. Explanation: A process where the court takes money from wages or accounts to pay what is owed. Example: The court ordered garnishment of the father’s paycheck until child support arrears were paid.

Explanation: A process where the court takes money from wages or accounts to pay what is owed. Example: The court ordered garnishment of the father’s paycheck until child support arrears were paid.

Example: The court ordered garnishment of the father’s paycheck until child support arrears were paid.

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GENETIC MARKERS (DNA)

Definition: Specific sequences in a person’s DNA used to establish biological relationships; in family law, genetic marker testing is a primary method for determining paternity and parentage. Explanation: Pieces of DNA used in tests to prove if someone is a child’s biological parent. Example: The court relied on genetic markers from DNA testing to establish the father’s paternity.

Explanation: Pieces of DNA used in tests to prove if someone is a child’s biological parent. Example: The court relied on genetic markers from DNA testing to establish the father’s paternity.

Example: The court relied on genetic markers from DNA testing to establish the father’s paternity.

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GOOD FAITH

Definition: Honest intention to act fairly, without deception or intent to defraud; in family law, good faith is required in disclosure of assets, negotiation of settlements, and compliance with court orders. Explanation: Acting honestly and fairly in legal matters. Example: The wife negotiated the property settlement in good faith, fully disclosing her assets.

Explanation: Acting honestly and fairly in legal matters. Example: The wife negotiated the property settlement in good faith, fully disclosing her assets.

Example: The wife negotiated the property settlement in good faith, fully disclosing her assets.

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GRANDPARENT CUSTODY PETITION

Definition: A legal request filed by grandparents asking the court to grant them custody of a grandchild, usually due to parental unfitness or absence. Explanation: When grandparents ask the court to give them custody of their grandchild. Example: The grandparents filed a custody petition after the parents were found unfit due to substance abuse.

Explanation: When grandparents ask the court to give them custody of their grandchild. Example: The grandparents filed a custody petition after the parents were found unfit due to substance abuse.

Example: The grandparents filed a custody petition after the parents were found unfit due to substance abuse.

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GRANDPARENT VISITATION ORDER

Definition: A court order giving grandparents the legal right to visit their grandchild, even if one or both parents object, when it serves the child’s best interests. Explanation: An order allowing grandparents to visit their grandchild by law. Example: The court issued a grandparent visitation order to preserve the child’s bond with grandparents.

Explanation: An order allowing grandparents to visit their grandchild by law. Example: The court issued a grandparent visitation order to preserve the child’s bond with grandparents.

Example: The court issued a grandparent visitation order to preserve the child’s bond with grandparents.

Español: grandparent visitas order

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GRANT A MOTION

Definition: A court’s approval of a request made by a party through a formal motion; in family law, judges may grant motions for temporary custody, child support, or protective orders. Explanation: When the judge agrees to a request made in writing. Example: The judge decided to grant a motion for temporary child support.

Explanation: When the judge agrees to a request made in writing. Example: The judge decided to grant a motion for temporary child support.

Example: The judge decided to grant a motion for temporary child support.

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GROSS INCOME TAX RETURN

Definition: A tax filing that reports all income before deductions; in family law, gross income tax returns are examined to determine a party’s ability to pay child support or spousal support. Explanation: A tax document showing all money earned before deductions. Example: The court reviewed the father’s gross income tax return to calculate child support.

Explanation: A tax document showing all money earned before deductions. Example: The court reviewed the father’s gross income tax return to calculate child support.

Example: The court reviewed the father’s gross income tax return to calculate child support.

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GROSS WAGES

Definition: Total earnings received by an employee before any taxes or deductions are taken out; in family law, gross wages are used to calculate support obligations. Explanation: All the money someone earns before taxes or deductions. Example: The judge used the father’s gross wages to determine his monthly child support obligation.

Explanation: All the money someone earns before taxes or deductions. Example: The judge used the father’s gross wages to determine his monthly child support obligation.

Example: The judge used the father’s gross wages to determine his monthly child support obligation.

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GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE

Definition: Legal reasons accepted by the court to grant a divorce, such as irreconcilable differences. Explanation: The legal reasons why a marriage can be ended. Example:The petition listed irreconcilable differences as grounds for divorce.

Explanation: The legal reasons why a marriage can be ended. Example:The petition listed irreconcilable differences as grounds for divorce.

Example: The petition listed irreconcilable differences as grounds for divorce.

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GUARDIAN

Definition: A person appointed by the court with legal authority to care for and make decisions on behalf of another person, usually a minor child or an incapacitated adult; in family law, a guardian may have authority over the child’s person (care, custody, and upbringing) or estate (management of property and finances). Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to take care of a child or their property when the parents cannot. Example: The court appointed the aunt as guardian of the child after both parents were found unfit.

Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to take care of a child or their property when the parents cannot. Example: The court appointed the aunt as guardian of the child after both parents were found unfit.

Example: The court appointed the aunt as guardian of the child after both parents were found unfit.

Español: tutor

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GUARDIAN AD LITEM

Definition: A person, often a lawyer, appointed by the court to represent the best interests of a child in a case. Explanation: A court-appointed helper who speaks for the child’s best interests. Example: The judge appointed a guardian ad litem for the custody case.

Explanation: A court-appointed helper who speaks for the child’s best interests. Example: The judge appointed a guardian ad litem for the custody case.

Example: The judge appointed a guardian ad litem for the custody case.

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GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE

Definition: A person appointed by the court to manage and protect the financial assets, property, and legal affairs of a minor or incapacitated person, without necessarily having authority over personal care or custody. Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to take care only of a child’s money and property. Example: The grandmother was appointed guardian of the estate to manage the child’s inheritance until adulthood.

Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to take care only of a child’s money and property. Example: The grandmother was appointed guardian of the estate to manage the child’s inheritance until adulthood.

Example: The grandmother was appointed guardian of the estate to manage the child’s inheritance until adulthood.

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GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE AND PERSON

Definition: A person appointed by the court with combined authority to care for both the personal needs (custody, education, medical decisions) and the financial matters (property, inheritance) of a minor or incapacitated person. Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to care for both the child and the child’s property. Example: The court named the uncle guardian of the estate and person after both parents passed away.

Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to care for both the child and the child’s property. Example: The court named the uncle guardian of the estate and person after both parents passed away.

Example: The court named the uncle guardian of the estate and person after both parents passed away.

Español: tutor of the estate and person

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GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON

Definition: A person appointed by the court with authority over the daily care, custody, education, and medical decisions of a minor or incapacitated person, but without control of financial assets unless specifically granted. Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to care for a child’s personal needs but not their money or property. Example: The mother’s sister was appointed guardian of the person to make medical and educational decisions for the child.

Explanation: Someone chosen by the court to care for a child’s personal needs but not their money or property. Example: The mother’s sister was appointed guardian of the person to make medical and educational decisions for the child.

Example: The mother’s sister was appointed guardian of the person to make medical and educational decisions for the child.

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GUIDELINES

Definition: Rules or standards, often established by statute or court policy, that provide a framework for decision-making; in family law, guidelines commonly refer to child support guidelines, which use income, custody time, and other factors to calculate support obligations. Explanation: Rules the court uses to help decide things like how much child support should be paid. Example: The judge applied the state’s child support guidelines to set the father’s monthly payment.

Explanation: Rules the court uses to help decide things like how much child support should be paid. Example: The judge applied the state’s child support guidelines to set the father’s monthly payment.

Example: The judge applied the state’s child support guidelines to set the father’s monthly payment.

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HABITUAL RESIDENCE

Definition: The country or state where a child normally lives, often used in international custody disputes. Explanation: The place where a child usually lives. Example: The court considered the child’s habitual residence in the Hague Convention case.

Explanation: The place where a child usually lives. Example: The court considered the child’s habitual residence in the Hague Convention case.

Example: The court considered the child’s habitual residence in the Hague Convention case.

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HAGUE PETITION (INTERNATIONAL ABDUCTION)

Definition: A legal request filed under the Hague Convention to secure the return of a child wrongfully removed or retained across international borders. Explanation: A process to bring back a child taken illegally to another country. Example: The father filed a Hague petition after the mother took the child abroad without consent.

Explanation: A process to bring back a child taken illegally to another country. Example: The father filed a Hague petition after the mother took the child abroad without consent.

Example: The father filed a Hague petition after the mother took the child abroad without consent.

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HARASSMENT

Definition: Unwanted conduct that causes alarm or distress, often the basis for restraining orders in family cases. Explanation: When someone repeatedly bothers or threatens another person. Example: She filed for a restraining order based on harassment.

Explanation: When someone repeatedly bothers or threatens another person. Example: She filed for a restraining order based on harassment.

Example: She filed for a restraining order based on harassment.

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HEALTH INSURANCE

Definition: A contract that provides coverage for medical care and treatment; in family law, courts may require one or both parents to maintain health insurance for their children as part of a support order. Explanation: Medical coverage that a parent may be required to provide for their child. Example: The divorce decree required the father to maintain health insurance for the children through his employer.

Explanation: Medical coverage that a parent may be required to provide for their child. Example: The divorce decree required the father to maintain health insurance for the children through his employer.

Example: The divorce decree required the father to maintain health insurance for the children through his employer.

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HEAR A CASE

Definition: The act of a court or judge reviewing arguments, evidence, and testimony to make a decision on legal issues; in family law, judges hear cases involving custody, visitation, support, and domestic violence. Explanation: When the judge listens to both sides and decides the outcome of a legal dispute.

Explanation: When the judge listens to both sides and decides the outcome of a legal dispute.

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HEARING

Definition: A formal court session where parties present arguments, evidence, and testimony on specific issues; in family law, hearings resolve matters such as temporary custody, child support, or restraining orders. Explanation: A court meeting where evidence is presented and the judge makes a decision. Example: At the custody hearing, both parents testified about their ability to care for the child.

Explanation: A court meeting where evidence is presented and the judge makes a decision. Example: At the custody hearing, both parents testified about their ability to care for the child.

Example: At the custody hearing, both parents testified about their ability to care for the child.

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HEARING OFFICER

Definition: A judicial officer or quasi-judicial official who conducts hearings, takes evidence, and makes recommendations or rulings; in family law, hearing officers may handle support calculations or preliminary matters under court supervision. Explanation: A court official, not always a judge, who runs hearings and makes recommendations or decisions. Example: The child support issue was decided by a hearing officer appointed by the court.

Explanation: A court official, not always a judge, who runs hearings and makes recommendations or decisions. Example: The child support issue was decided by a hearing officer appointed by the court.

Example: The child support issue was decided by a hearing officer appointed by the court.

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HEARSAY

Definition: An out-of-court statement offered in court to prove the truth of the matter asserted, generally inadmissible unless an exception applies; in family law, hearsay may arise in testimony about what a child allegedly said. Explanation: Secondhand information told in court that usually cannot be used as proof. Example: The judge excluded the mother’s testimony as hearsay when she repeated what the child said about the father.

Explanation: Secondhand information told in court that usually cannot be used as proof. Example: The judge excluded the mother’s testimony as hearsay when she repeated what the child said about the father.

Example: The judge excluded the mother’s testimony as hearsay when she repeated what the child said about the father.

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HEARSAY EVIDENCE

Definition: Evidence consisting of hearsay statements, which are generally excluded unless they fit within statutory or common law exceptions, such as business records or excited utterances. Explanation: Evidence based on repeating what someone else said, not direct knowledge. Example: The father’s lawyer objected to hearsay evidence when the mother tried to introduce a letter from a neighbor.

Explanation: Evidence based on repeating what someone else said, not direct knowledge. Example: The father’s lawyer objected to hearsay evidence when the mother tried to introduce a letter from a neighbor.

Example: The father’s lawyer objected to hearsay evidence when the mother tried to introduce a letter from a neighbor.

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HEREBY

Definition: A formal legal term used in documents to indicate that an action is being taken by virtue of the statement itself; it gives immediate effect to what follows. Explanation: A formal word in legal documents meaning “by this statement.” Example: The order stated, “The court hereby grants custody of the minor child to the mother.”

Explanation: A formal word in legal documents meaning “by this statement.” Example: The order stated, “The court hereby grants custody of the minor child to the mother.”

Example: The order stated, “The court hereby grants custody of the minor child to the mother.”

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HOLIDAY

Definition: A recognized day of rest or celebration, often specified in custody and visitation schedules to determine which parent will spend time with the child on that date. Explanation: A special day like Christmas or Thanksgiving, often divided between parents in custody orders. Example: The parenting plan alternated custody of the children on each holiday.

Explanation: A special day like Christmas or Thanksgiving, often divided between parents in custody orders. Example: The parenting plan alternated custody of the children on each holiday.

Example: The parenting plan alternated custody of the children on each holiday.

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HOME ADDRESS

Definition: The residential address where a party or child lives, often required for jurisdiction, service of process, or enforcement of custody orders; courts may restrict disclosure of home addresses in cases involving safety concerns. Explanation: The place where someone or a child lives for legal purposes. Example: The custody order required each parent to keep the court updated with their current home address.

Explanation: The place where someone or a child lives for legal purposes. Example: The custody order required each parent to keep the court updated with their current home address.

Example: The custody order required each parent to keep the court updated with their current home address.

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HOME STATE

Definition: The state where a child has lived for at least six months, used to determine jurisdiction in custody cases. Explanation: The state where the child has been living for six months or more. Example: California was determined to be the child’s home state.

Explanation: The state where the child has been living for six months or more. Example: California was determined to be the child’s home state.

Example: California was determined to be the child’s home state.

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HOME STUDY REPORT (ADOPTION)

Definition: An evaluation prepared by a social worker or agency assessing the suitability of prospective adoptive parents’ home and background. Explanation: A report checking if adoptive parents’ home is suitable for adoption. Example: The agency submitted a home study report before the adoption was approved.

Explanation: A report checking if adoptive parents’ home is suitable for adoption. Example: The agency submitted a home study report before the adoption was approved.

Example: The agency submitted a home study report before the adoption was approved.

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HOSTILE WITNESS

Definition: A witness who demonstrates bias, resistance, or antagonism toward the party who called them to testify; in family law, a hostile witness may be cross-examined by the calling party as if by the opposing side, using leading questions. Explanation: A witness who refuses to cooperate or shows bias, so the lawyer can question them more strictly. Example: The mother was declared a hostile witness when she resisted answering questions about the parenting schedule.

Explanation: A witness who refuses to cooperate or shows bias, so the lawyer can question them more strictly. Example: The mother was declared a hostile witness when she resisted answering questions about the parenting schedule.

Example: The mother was declared a hostile witness when she resisted answering questions about the parenting schedule.

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HOUSING

Definition: Residential arrangements or accommodations where a parent or child lives; in family law, housing conditions are considered when determining custody, visitation, and the child’s best interests. Explanation: The living place or conditions where a parent or child resides. Example: The judge reviewed the father’s housing situation before granting overnight visitation.

Explanation: The living place or conditions where a parent or child resides. Example: The judge reviewed the father’s housing situation before granting overnight visitation.

Example: The judge reviewed the father’s housing situation before granting overnight visitation.

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IMPEACH A WITNESS

Definition: The process of challenging the credibility, truthfulness, or reliability of a witness’s testimony by showing inconsistencies, bias, or prior contradictory statements; in family law, this may occur when a witness gives conflicting accounts about custody or financial matters. Explanation: To show that a witness is not telling the truth or cannot be trusted. Example: The father’s attorney moved to impeach a witness by introducing her earlier inconsistent statement about visitation.

Explanation: To show that a witness is not telling the truth or cannot be trusted. Example: The father’s attorney moved to impeach a witness by introducing her earlier inconsistent statement about visitation.

Example: The father’s attorney moved to impeach a witness by introducing her earlier inconsistent statement about visitation.

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IMPEACHMENT

Definition: The broader legal process of discrediting evidence or testimony by proving it unreliable, inconsistent, or biased; in family law, impeachment helps ensure the court bases decisions on trustworthy testimony. Explanation: The act of proving that testimony or evidence is not reliable. Example: The mother’s lawyer used impeachment when the father contradicted his financial disclosure.

Explanation: The act of proving that testimony or evidence is not reliable. Example: The mother’s lawyer used impeachment when the father contradicted his financial disclosure.

Example: The mother’s lawyer used impeachment when the father contradicted his financial disclosure.

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IMPLIED CONTRACT BETWEEN COHABITANTS

Definition: An unwritten agreement inferred from the conduct and circumstances of unmarried partners, showing an understanding to share property, earnings, or support. Courts may enforce implied contracts under Marvin v. Marvin. Explanation: An agreement the court assumes exists between partners because of how they lived and acted, even if not written down. Example: The court found an implied contract between the partners to share property because they had pooled their income for 15 years.

Explanation: An agreement the court assumes exists between partners because of how they lived and acted, even if not written down. Example: The court found an implied contract between the partners to share property because they had pooled their income for 15 years.

Example: The court found an implied contract between the partners to share property because they had pooled their income for 15 years.

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IMPOSE

Definition: To order or enforce an obligation, penalty, or requirement by authority of the court; in family law, a court may impose child support, sanctions for contempt, or restrictions on visitation. Explanation: When the judge orders something that must be followed. Example: The judge decided to impose a fine for the father’s repeated failure to comply with visitation orders.

Explanation: When the judge orders something that must be followed. Example: The judge decided to impose a fine for the father’s repeated failure to comply with visitation orders.

Example: The judge decided to impose a fine for the father’s repeated failure to comply with visitation orders.

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IMPROPER MOTIVES

Definition: Reasons for acting that are dishonest, unfair, or intended to harm, rather than to serve a legitimate legal purpose; in family law, improper motives may appear in custody disputes where one parent seeks to limit access out of spite. Explanation: Acting for the wrong reasons, not for fairness or the child’s best interests. Example: The court found that the mother’s objection to visitation was based on improper motives of revenge.

Explanation: Acting for the wrong reasons, not for fairness or the child’s best interests. Example: The court found that the mother’s objection to visitation was based on improper motives of revenge.

Example: The court found that the mother’s objection to visitation was based on improper motives of revenge.

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IMPUTED INCOME (SUPPORT CASES)

Definition: Income assigned by the court to a parent based on earning capacity rather than actual earnings, used to calculate child or spousal support. Explanation: Income the court assumes a parent could earn, used for support calculations. Example: The court used imputed income to calculate support after the father quit his job.

Explanation: Income the court assumes a parent could earn, used for support calculations. Example: The court used imputed income to calculate support after the father quit his job.

Example: The court used imputed income to calculate support after the father quit his job.

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IN LOCO PARENTIS DOCTRINE

Definition: A legal principle allowing a non-parent to assume parental responsibilities by acting in the place of a parent. Explanation: When someone acts like a parent even if not the biological parent. Example: The stepfather sought rights under the in loco parentis doctrine after raising the child for years.

Explanation: When someone acts like a parent even if not the biological parent. Example: The stepfather sought rights under the in loco parentis doctrine after raising the child for years.

Example: The stepfather sought rights under the in loco parentis doctrine after raising the child for years.

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IN-CAMERA INTERVIEW OF CHILD

Definition: A private interview conducted by a judge with a child, outside the presence of the parents, to learn the child’s views on custody or visitation. Explanation: A private talk between the judge and child about custody, without parents there. Example: The judge held an in-camera interview of the child to consider her wishes in the custody case.

Explanation: A private talk between the judge and child about custody, without parents there. Example: The judge held an in-camera interview of the child to consider her wishes in the custody case.

Example: The judge held an in-camera interview of the child to consider her wishes in the custody case.

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INADMISSIBLE

Definition: Evidence that cannot be considered by the court because it does not meet the rules of evidence, such as relevance, reliability, or compliance with procedure; in family law, inadmissible evidence may include hearsay or improperly obtained documents. Explanation: Evidence the judge is not allowed to consider in making a decision. Example: The father’s attorney objected, and the judge ruled the text messages were inadmissible.

Explanation: Evidence the judge is not allowed to consider in making a decision. Example: The father’s attorney objected, and the judge ruled the text messages were inadmissible.

Example: The father’s attorney objected, and the judge ruled the text messages were inadmissible.

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INCOME

Definition: Money earned or received from any source, including wages, salaries, bonuses, investments, or benefits; in family law, income is the primary factor used to calculate child support and spousal support. Explanation: All money a person earns or receives, which is used to decide support payments. Example: The court reviewed both parents’ income before setting child support.

Explanation: All money a person earns or receives, which is used to decide support payments. Example: The court reviewed both parents’ income before setting child support.

Example: The court reviewed both parents’ income before setting child support.

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INCOME AND EXPENSE DECLARATION

Definition: A court form where parties disclose their financial information in family law cases. Explanation: A form that shows your income and expenses to the court. Example: He filed an income and expense declaration in the support case.

Explanation: A form that shows your income and expenses to the court. Example: He filed an income and expense declaration in the support case.

Example: He filed an income and expense declaration in the support case.

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INCOME WITHHOLDING ORDER

Definition: A court order directing an employer to deduct child or spousal support from a paycheck. Explanation: An order that makes the employer take support money from a paycheck. Example: The employer received an income withholding order for child support.

Explanation: An order that makes the employer take support money from a paycheck. Example: The employer received an income withholding order for child support.

Example: The employer received an income withholding order for child support.

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INCULPATORY STATEMENT

Definition: A statement made by a person that tends to show their own involvement in wrongdoing or liability; in family law, an inculpatory statement might arise in contempt proceedings or admissions of violating custody or support orders. Explanation: A statement where someone admits or suggests they did something wrong. Example: The father’s inculpatory statement that he “knew he wasn’t supposed to take the child” was used in the contempt hearing.

Explanation: A statement where someone admits or suggests they did something wrong. Example: The father’s inculpatory statement that he “knew he wasn’t supposed to take the child” was used in the contempt hearing.

Example: The father’s inculpatory statement that he “knew he wasn’t supposed to take the child” was used in the contempt hearing.

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INCUR

Definition: To become liable for or bring upon oneself a debt, expense, or obligation; in family law, a parent may incur expenses for childcare, medical care, or educational costs. Explanation: To take on or become responsible for a cost or obligation. Example: The mother did not want to incur additional daycare expenses without the father’s contribution.

Explanation: To take on or become responsible for a cost or obligation. Example: The mother did not want to incur additional daycare expenses without the father’s contribution.

Example: The mother did not want to incur additional daycare expenses without the father’s contribution.

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INDEPENDENT ADOPTION AGENCY

Definition: A licensed private agency that arranges adoptions outside of the state or public foster care system. Explanation: A private agency that handles adoptions outside the government system. Example: They worked with an independent adoption agency to adopt a child from another state.

Explanation: A private agency that handles adoptions outside the government system. Example: They worked with an independent adoption agency to adopt a child from another state.

Example: They worked with an independent adoption agency to adopt a child from another state.

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INDIGENCE

Definition: The state of being extremely poor and unable to afford basic living costs or legal expenses; in family law, indigence may allow a party to request fee waivers or court-appointed counsel. Explanation: Being too poor to pay for court costs or legal representation. Example: The mother filed a statement of indigence to qualify for appointed counsel in the custody case.

Explanation: Being too poor to pay for court costs or legal representation. Example: The mother filed a statement of indigence to qualify for appointed counsel in the custody case.

Example: The mother filed a statement of indigence to qualify for appointed counsel in the custody case.

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INDIGENCE DETERMINATION

Definition: A court’s finding about whether a party qualifies as indigent, based on financial information such as income, assets, and expenses; in family law, this determination may allow access to free counsel or fee waivers. Explanation: The judge’s decision about whether someone is too poor to pay court costs. Example: The court’s indigence determination granted the father a waiver of filing fees.

Explanation: The judge’s decision about whether someone is too poor to pay court costs. Example: The court’s indigence determination granted the father a waiver of filing fees.

Example: The court’s indigence determination granted the father a waiver of filing fees.

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INDIGENCY

Definition: The legal recognition of a person’s financial inability to afford counsel or court fees, often used as grounds for fee waivers or appointment of counsel; similar to indigence. Explanation: Official legal status of not having enough money to pay court or lawyer costs. Example: The mother claimed indigency when requesting free legal representation in her divorce case.

Explanation: Official legal status of not having enough money to pay court or lawyer costs. Example: The mother claimed indigency when requesting free legal representation in her divorce case.

Example: The mother claimed indigency when requesting free legal representation in her divorce case.

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INDIGENT

Definition: A person who is found to be unable to afford the expenses of litigation; in family law, an indigent person may be entitled to waived fees or assigned counsel. Explanation: A person who is too poor to pay court costs or hire a lawyer. Example: The court appointed an attorney for the indigent father in the parental rights termination case.

Explanation: A person who is too poor to pay court costs or hire a lawyer. Example: The court appointed an attorney for the indigent father in the parental rights termination case.

Example: The court appointed an attorney for the indigent father in the parental rights termination case.

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INHERITANCE

Definition: Property, money, or assets received from a deceased person’s estate; in family law, inheritance may be considered separate property, but commingling can make it marital property. Explanation: Assets passed down to a person when someone dies. Example: The court ruled that the wife’s inheritance remained her separate property since it was kept in her own account.

Explanation: Assets passed down to a person when someone dies. Example: The court ruled that the wife’s inheritance remained her separate property since it was kept in her own account.

Example: The court ruled that the wife’s inheritance remained her separate property since it was kept in her own account.

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INITIAL APPEARANCE

Definition: The first court proceeding in which a party formally appears before a judge, is informed of the case, and initial scheduling orders are made; in family law, initial appearances may involve custody, support, or divorce petitions. Explanation: The first time a party appears in court to begin the process. Example: At the initial appearance, the judge scheduled mediation for the custody dispute.

Explanation: The first time a party appears in court to begin the process. Example: At the initial appearance, the judge scheduled mediation for the custody dispute.

Example: At the initial appearance, the judge scheduled mediation for the custody dispute.

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INJUNCTION

Definition: A court order directing a party to do or refrain from doing specific acts; in family law, injunctions may prevent harassment, asset transfers, or relocation of children. Explanation: A judge’s order telling someone to stop or start doing something specific. Example: The court issued an injunction preventing the father from selling marital property during the divorce.

Explanation: A judge’s order telling someone to stop or start doing something specific. Example: The court issued an injunction preventing the father from selling marital property during the divorce.

Example: The court issued an injunction preventing the father from selling marital property during the divorce.

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INJURED SPOUSE CLAIM

Definition: A request made to the IRS by a spouse who files a joint tax return to protect their portion of a refund from being used to pay the other spouse’s debts, such as overdue child support. Explanation: A tax request that protects one spouse’s refund money from being taken for the other spouse’s debts. Example: The wife filed an injured spouse claim to recover her share of the tax refund from being used to pay the husband’s child support arrears.

Explanation: A tax request that protects one spouse’s refund money from being taken for the other spouse’s debts. Example: The wife filed an injured spouse claim to recover her share of the tax refund from being used to pay the husband’s child support arrears.

Example: The wife filed an injured spouse claim to recover her share of the tax refund from being used to pay the husband’s child support arrears.

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INSTALLMENT

Definition: A partial payment of a total debt or obligation, made in scheduled portions over time; in family law, child support or spousal support may be ordered to be paid in monthly installments. Explanation: Paying part of what is owed in regular scheduled payments. Example: The father was ordered to pay child support in monthly installments of $500.

Explanation: Paying part of what is owed in regular scheduled payments. Example: The father was ordered to pay child support in monthly installments of $500.

Example: The father was ordered to pay child support in monthly installments of $500.

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INSURANCE

Definition: A contractual arrangement in which an insurer agrees to provide financial protection against specified risks in exchange for premiums; in family law, parents may be required to maintain health, dental, or life insurance for their children. Explanation: Coverage that pays for losses or medical needs, sometimes ordered for children in custody cases. Example: The divorce decree required the father to maintain health insurance for the child until age 18.

Explanation: Coverage that pays for losses or medical needs, sometimes ordered for children in custody cases. Example: The divorce decree required the father to maintain health insurance for the child until age 18.

Example: The divorce decree required the father to maintain health insurance for the child until age 18.

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INTACT

Definition: In family law, used to describe a family structure in which both parents live together with their children; also used to refer to property or documents that remain whole and unchanged. Explanation: Complete and not broken apart, often used for families or property. Example: The judge noted that the child had grown up in an intact family until the divorce proceedings began.

Explanation: Complete and not broken apart, often used for families or property. Example: The judge noted that the child had grown up in an intact family until the divorce proceedings began.

Example: The judge noted that the child had grown up in an intact family until the divorce proceedings began.

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INTENT

Definition: The state of mind with which a person acts, showing purpose, design, or aim; in family law, intent may be relevant in proving fraud, parental alienation, or the willful violation of court orders. Explanation: The reason or purpose behind a person’s actions. Example: The court found that the father’s intent in denying visitation was to alienate the child from the mother.

Explanation: The reason or purpose behind a person’s actions. Example: The court found that the father’s intent in denying visitation was to alienate the child from the mother.

Example: The court found that the father’s intent in denying visitation was to alienate the child from the mother.

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INTERIM

Definition: Temporary in nature, often used to describe orders or measures issued to remain in effect until a final hearing; in family law, interim custody or support orders are common while the case is pending. Explanation: A temporary order or measure until the court makes a final decision. Example: The judge issued an interim order granting the mother primary custody until trial.

Explanation: A temporary order or measure until the court makes a final decision. Example: The judge issued an interim order granting the mother primary custody until trial.

Example: The judge issued an interim order granting the mother primary custody until trial.

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INTERROGATORY

Definition: A set of written questions formally submitted by one party to another as part of discovery, requiring written answers under oath; in family law, interrogatories are often used to gather information about income, assets, and parenting ability. Explanation: Written questions that one side must answer in writing under oath before trial. Example: The mother served an interrogatory asking the father about his employment history and income.

Explanation: Written questions that one side must answer in writing under oath before trial. Example: The mother served an interrogatory asking the father about his employment history and income.

Example: The mother served an interrogatory asking the father about his employment history and income.

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INTRODUCTION

Definition: The opening section of a legal document that explains its purpose, scope, or background; in family law, introductions may appear in agreements, parenting plans, or reports to outline the issues being addressed. Explanation: The beginning part of a legal paper that explains what it is about. Example: The introduction of the parenting plan stated that the parties wished to prioritize the child’s best interests.

Explanation: The beginning part of a legal paper that explains what it is about. Example: The introduction of the parenting plan stated that the parties wished to prioritize the child’s best interests.

Example: The introduction of the parenting plan stated that the parties wished to prioritize the child’s best interests.

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INVESTMENT

Definition: The commitment of money or resources to an asset or venture with the expectation of generating income or profit; in family law, investments must be disclosed and may be divided as marital or community property. Explanation: Money put into property, stocks, or other things to make a profit, which must be shared in divorce. Example: The court divided the couple’s investment portfolio equally under community property law.

Explanation: Money put into property, stocks, or other things to make a profit, which must be shared in divorce. Example: The court divided the couple’s investment portfolio equally under community property law.

Example: The court divided the couple’s investment portfolio equally under community property law.

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IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES

Definition: A common legal ground for divorce meaning the spouses cannot get along and the marriage cannot be saved. Explanation: When a marriage can’t be fixed because the couple can’t get along. Example: The petition for divorce was based on irreconcilable differences.

Explanation: When a marriage can’t be fixed because the couple can’t get along. Example: The petition for divorce was based on irreconcilable differences.

Example: The petition for divorce was based on irreconcilable differences.

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IRRELEVANT

Definition: Evidence, statements, or arguments that do not relate to the issues being decided in a case and therefore have no probative value; in family law, irrelevant matters are excluded to keep the focus on custody, support, or property questions that affect the child’s best interests or equitable division. Explanation: Information that does not matter to the legal question the judge must decide. Example: The judge ruled that details about the father’s teenage years were irrelevant to the custody decision.

Explanation: Information that does not matter to the legal question the judge must decide. Example: The judge ruled that details about the father’s teenage years were irrelevant to the custody decision.

Example: The judge ruled that details about the father’s teenage years were irrelevant to the custody decision.

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ISSUE

Definition: A disputed question of fact or law that the court must resolve; in family law, issues may include custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, domestic violence, or property division. Explanation: A legal question or conflict that the judge must decide. Example: The main issue in the divorce was whether joint custody would serve the child’s best interests.

Explanation: A legal question or conflict that the judge must decide. Example: The main issue in the divorce was whether joint custody would serve the child’s best interests.

Example: The main issue in the divorce was whether joint custody would serve the child’s best interests.

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JEFFRIES CREDITS

Definition: A reimbursement credit recognized in California divorce cases when one spouse pays community obligations with separate funds under circumstances not covered by Epstein, often involving fairness considerations. Explanation: A spouse may be reimbursed for paying joint debts with their own money, in situations where Epstein credits don’t directly apply. Example: The court awarded Jeffries credits when the wife used her separate inheritance to pay off community credit card debt.

Explanation: A spouse may be reimbursed for paying joint debts with their own money, in situations where Epstein credits don’t directly apply. Example: The court awarded Jeffries credits when the wife used her separate inheritance to pay off community credit card debt.

Example: The court awarded Jeffries credits when the wife used her separate inheritance to pay off community credit card debt.

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JOINT CUSTODY

Definition: A custody arrangement where both parents share legal and/or physical custody of a child. Explanation: When both parents share responsibility for the child. Example: The court awarded joint custody to both parents.

Explanation: When both parents share responsibility for the child. Example: The court awarded joint custody to both parents.

Example: The court awarded joint custody to both parents.

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JOINT LEGAL CUSTODY

Definition: Both parents share the right to make important decisions about the child’s welfare, education, and health. Explanation: Both parents have a say in major decisions for the child. Example: They share joint legal custody, so both must agree on schooling.

Explanation: Both parents have a say in major decisions for the child. Example: They share joint legal custody, so both must agree on schooling.

Example: They share joint legal custody, so both must agree on schooling.

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JOINT PHYSICAL CUSTODY

Definition: A custody arrangement where the child spends significant time living with each parent. Explanation: The child lives part-time with each parent. The child has joint physical custody and spends equal time with each parent.

Explanation: The child lives part-time with each parent. The child has joint physical custody and spends equal time with each parent.

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JUDGE

Definition: A public official vested with the authority to preside over court proceedings, interpret and apply the law, evaluate evidence, and render decisions or orders; in family law, judges decide issues such as divorce, custody, visitation, child support, spousal support, adoption, and protective orders, always guided by the best interests of the child and fairness between parties. Explanation: The person in charge of the courtroom who listens to both sides and makes the final decisions. Example: The judge awarded joint legal custody but gave the mother primary physical custody of the children.

Explanation: The person in charge of the courtroom who listens to both sides and makes the final decisions. Example: The judge awarded joint legal custody but gave the mother primary physical custody of the children.

Example: The judge awarded joint legal custody but gave the mother primary physical custody of the children.

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JUDGMENT

Definition: The final decision of a court resolving the issues in a case. Explanation: The court’s final decision in a case. Example: The divorce judgment was entered last week.

Explanation: The court’s final decision in a case. Example: The divorce judgment was entered last week.

Example: The divorce judgment was entered last week.

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JUDICIAL CUSTODY DETERMINATION

Definition: A custody decision made by a judge after reviewing evidence and testimony, focusing on the best interests of the child. Explanation: A judge’s decision about who gets custody of the child. Example: The judicial custody determination awarded sole custody to the father.

Explanation: A judge’s decision about who gets custody of the child. Example: The judicial custody determination awarded sole custody to the father.

Example: The judicial custody determination awarded sole custody to the father.

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JUDICIAL OFFICER

Definition: A person authorized by law to exercise judicial functions, including judges, magistrates, commissioners, or referees; in family law, judicial officers preside over hearings, issue orders, and resolve disputes involving custody, support, and protection. Explanation: An official, such as a judge or magistrate, who has the power to make legal decisions in court. Example: The judicial officer presided over the child support hearing and entered an enforceable order.

Explanation: An official, such as a judge or magistrate, who has the power to make legal decisions in court. Example: The judicial officer presided over the child support hearing and entered an enforceable order.

Example: The judicial officer presided over the child support hearing and entered an enforceable order.

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JUDICIARY

Definition: The branch of government responsible for interpreting laws and administering justice through the court system; in family law, the judiciary includes family courts, judges, and administrative staff handling domestic cases. Explanation: The court system, made up of judges and staff, that interprets and applies the law. Example: The state judiciary established a specialized family division to handle divorce and custody cases.

Explanation: The court system, made up of judges and staff, that interprets and applies the law. Example: The state judiciary established a specialized family division to handle divorce and custody cases.

Example: The state judiciary established a specialized family division to handle divorce and custody cases.

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JURISDICTION

Definition: The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case, based on subject matter, geography, or the parties involved; in family law, jurisdiction is critical for divorce, custody, and adoption proceedings, often determined by where the child or parties reside. Explanation: The court’s legal power to hear a case and make decisions. Example: The court lacked jurisdiction to modify custody because the child no longer lived in the state.

Explanation: The court’s legal power to hear a case and make decisions. Example: The court lacked jurisdiction to modify custody because the child no longer lived in the state.

Example: The court lacked jurisdiction to modify custody because the child no longer lived in the state.

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JUSTIFICATION

Definition: A legal defense or explanation showing that an action, otherwise unlawful, was reasonable or legally excusable under the circumstances; in family law, justification may be raised in contempt cases or when explaining missed visitation or support payments. Explanation: A valid legal reason or excuse for doing something that might otherwise be considered wrong. Example: The father offered justification for missing visitation by showing he was hospitalized at the time.

Explanation: A valid legal reason or excuse for doing something that might otherwise be considered wrong. Example: The father offered justification for missing visitation by showing he was hospitalized at the time.

Example: The father offered justification for missing visitation by showing he was hospitalized at the time.

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KINSHIP CARE

Definition: When relatives care for children who cannot live with their parents, often approved by the court. Explanation: When family members take care of children instead of parents. Example: The grandmother provided kinship care for the children.

Explanation: When family members take care of children instead of parents. Example: The grandmother provided kinship care for the children.

Example: The grandmother provided kinship care for the children.

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KNOWINGLY

Definition: With full awareness and intent, acting with knowledge of the facts or consequences; in family law, knowingly may describe violations of custody orders, failure to pay support, or acts of domestic violence done with awareness of their illegality. Explanation: Doing something on purpose, knowing what you are doing is against the rules or law. Example: The father was found in contempt for knowingly refusing to return the child after visitation.

Explanation: Doing something on purpose, knowing what you are doing is against the rules or law. Example: The father was found in contempt for knowingly refusing to return the child after visitation.

Example: The father was found in contempt for knowingly refusing to return the child after visitation.

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LAW

Definition: The system of rules, statutes, and judicial decisions established by governing authorities and enforced through courts; in family law, statutes and case law regulate marriage, divorce, custody, support, and adoption. Explanation: The set of rules created and enforced by government and courts. Example: The lawyer argued that state law required child custody decisions to focus on the best interests of the child.

Explanation: The set of rules created and enforced by government and courts. Example: The lawyer argued that state law required child custody decisions to focus on the best interests of the child.

Example: The lawyer argued that state law required child custody decisions to focus on the best interests of the child.

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LAW CLERK

Definition: A trained legal assistant, often a recent law graduate, who supports judges by researching legal issues, drafting opinions, and reviewing case files; in family law, clerks help judges analyze statutes and case law on custody and support. Explanation: A legal assistant who helps a judge by researching and drafting documents. Example: The law clerk researched case law on relocation disputes for the family court judge.

Explanation: A legal assistant who helps a judge by researching and drafting documents. Example: The law clerk researched case law on relocation disputes for the family court judge.

Example: The law clerk researched case law on relocation disputes for the family court judge.

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LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

Definition: A governmental body authorized to enforce laws, maintain public order, and protect individuals; in family law, law enforcement agencies may enforce protective orders, assist in child recovery, or ensure compliance with custody exchanges. Explanation: A police or government agency that enforces laws and court orders. Example: The mother contacted the law enforcement agency to enforce the restraining order after the father appeared at her home.

Explanation: A police or government agency that enforces laws and court orders. Example: The mother contacted the law enforcement agency to enforce the restraining order after the father appeared at her home.

Example: The mother contacted the law enforcement agency to enforce the restraining order after the father appeared at her home.

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LAW LIBRARY

Definition: A specialized library containing legal texts, statutes, case law, and practice guides used by attorneys, judges, and the public; in family law, law libraries provide resources for legal research on divorce, custody, and support. Explanation: A library with legal books and resources for research. Example: The self-represented parent used the law library to find cases about child support modification.

Explanation: A library with legal books and resources for research. Example: The self-represented parent used the law library to find cases about child support modification.

Example: The self-represented parent used the law library to find cases about child support modification.

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LAWFUL

Definition: Permitted or authorized by law; in family law, lawful actions include properly filed petitions, lawful custody, and lawful marriage. Explanation: Something that is allowed by law. Example: The court confirmed that the marriage was lawful under state law.

Explanation: Something that is allowed by law. Example: The court confirmed that the marriage was lawful under state law.

Example: The court confirmed that the marriage was lawful under state law.

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LAWSUIT

Definition: A legal proceeding brought before a court by one party against another seeking relief or enforcement of rights; in family law, lawsuits may involve divorce, custody, support, or annulment. Explanation: A case started in court by filing legal papers asking for a ruling. Example: The mother filed a lawsuit for divorce, seeking custody and child support.

Explanation: A case started in court by filing legal papers asking for a ruling. Example: The mother filed a lawsuit for divorce, seeking custody and child support.

Example: The mother filed a lawsuit for divorce, seeking custody and child support.

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LAWYER

Definition: A professional licensed to practice law, represent clients in court, provide legal advice, and prepare legal documents; in family law, lawyers handle divorce, custody, support, adoption, and domestic violence matters. Explanation: A person trained and licensed to represent and advise clients in court. Example: The father hired a lawyer to represent him in the child custody case.

Explanation: A person trained and licensed to represent and advise clients in court. Example: The father hired a lawyer to represent him in the child custody case.

Example: The father hired a lawyer to represent him in the child custody case.

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LEADING QUESTION

Definition: A question asked during testimony that suggests the answer within the question itself, typically allowed only on cross-examination; in family law, leading questions are used to test credibility or clarify testimony. Explanation: A question that already suggests the answer, usually asked when challenging a witness. Example: During cross-examination, the attorney asked the witness a leading question: “Isn’t it true you never saw the father at the child’s school?”

Explanation: A question that already suggests the answer, usually asked when challenging a witness. Example: During cross-examination, the attorney asked the witness a leading question: “Isn’t it true you never saw the father at the child’s school?”

Example: During cross-examination, the attorney asked the witness a leading question: “Isn’t it true you never saw the father at the child’s school?”

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LEGAL CUSTODY

Definition: The right to make important decisions about a child’s life, including education, health care, and welfare. Explanation: The power to decide about a child’s schooling, health, and care. Example: She was granted sole legal custody of her son.

Explanation: The power to decide about a child’s schooling, health, and care. Example: She was granted sole legal custody of her son.

Example: She was granted sole legal custody of her son.

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LEGAL SEPARATION

Definition: A court order allowing a married couple to live apart while still legally married, often addressing custody and support. Explanation: When a couple lives apart by court order but is not divorced. Example: They obtained a legal separation instead of divorce.

Explanation: When a couple lives apart by court order but is not divorced. Example: They obtained a legal separation instead of divorce.

Example: They obtained a legal separation instead of divorce.

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LIABILITY

Definition: A legal obligation or responsibility to act or to refrain from acting in a certain way, or to compensate for harm or debt; in family law, liability may include responsibility for child support, spousal support, or debts incurred during the marriage. Explanation: A legal responsibility that requires someone to pay money or fulfill an obligation. Example: The divorce decree established joint liability for the couple’s credit card debts.

Explanation: A legal responsibility that requires someone to pay money or fulfill an obligation. Example: The divorce decree established joint liability for the couple’s credit card debts.

Example: The divorce decree established joint liability for the couple’s credit card debts.

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LIMITED SCOPE REPRESENTATION (FAMILY LAW)

Definition: When a lawyer represents a client for only part of a case, such as preparing documents or appearing at one hearing, instead of the entire case. Explanation: When a lawyer helps with only some parts of a case, not the whole case. Example: She hired a lawyer for limited scope representation to prepare her custody documents.

Explanation: When a lawyer helps with only some parts of a case, not the whole case. Example: She hired a lawyer for limited scope representation to prepare her custody documents.

Example: She hired a lawyer for limited scope representation to prepare her custody documents.

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LITIGANT

Definition: A party directly involved in a lawsuit, either as a petitioner, respondent, plaintiff, or defendant; in family law, litigants include spouses, parents, or guardians engaged in disputes over custody, support, or divorce. Explanation: A person who is part of a case in court. Example: Both litigants presented evidence at the custody hearing.

Explanation: A person who is part of a case in court. Example: Both litigants presented evidence at the custody hearing.

Example: Both litigants presented evidence at the custody hearing.

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LITIGATE

Definition: To bring a dispute before a court for resolution through the legal process; in family law, to litigate means to pursue contested issues such as custody, visitation, property division, or support through hearings and trials. Explanation: To take a dispute to court so a judge can decide. Example: The parents chose to litigate the custody dispute after mediation failed.

Explanation: To take a dispute to court so a judge can decide. Example: The parents chose to litigate the custody dispute after mediation failed.

Example: The parents chose to litigate the custody dispute after mediation failed.

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LITIGATION

Definition: The process of resolving disputes through the court system. Explanation: Fighting a case in court. Example: The custody case went into litigation.

Explanation: Fighting a case in court. Example: The custody case went into litigation.

Example: The custody case went into litigation.

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LIVESCAN

Definition: A digital method of capturing fingerprints and transmitting them electronically for background checks; in family law, LiveScan is often required for adoption, foster care, and guardianship proceedings to ensure the safety of children. Explanation: A fingerprinting process used to check someone’s background for child-related cases. Example: The prospective adoptive parents completed a LiveScan before the court approved the adoption.

Explanation: A fingerprinting process used to check someone’s background for child-related cases. Example: The prospective adoptive parents completed a LiveScan before the court approved the adoption.

Example: The prospective adoptive parents completed a LiveScan before the court approved the adoption.

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LONG-TERM

Definition: Lasting for an extended period of time, usually years; in family law, long-term may refer to custody arrangements, spousal support duration, or the characterization of obligations. Explanation: Something that lasts for a long time, often years. Example: The court established a long-term visitation schedule to give the child stability.

Explanation: Something that lasts for a long time, often years. Example: The court established a long-term visitation schedule to give the child stability.

Example: The court established a long-term visitation schedule to give the child stability.

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LONG-TERM MARRIAGE

Definition: A marriage of significant duration, typically 10 years or more (depending on jurisdiction), which can affect entitlement to spousal support, division of assets, and retirement benefits in divorce cases. Explanation: A marriage that has lasted many years and can influence divorce outcomes. Example: The judge considered the 15-year union a long-term marriage, justifying permanent spousal support.

Explanation: A marriage that has lasted many years and can influence divorce outcomes. Example: The judge considered the 15-year union a long-term marriage, justifying permanent spousal support.

Example: The judge considered the 15-year union a long-term marriage, justifying permanent spousal support.

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MAGISTRATE

Definition: A judicial officer with limited authority to conduct hearings, make findings, or issue certain orders, often under the supervision of a judge; in family law, magistrates may handle preliminary hearings, support cases, or uncontested matters. Explanation: A court official with authority to hear and decide certain legal matters, sometimes instead of a judge. Example: The magistrate presided over the initial child support hearing.

Explanation: A court official with authority to hear and decide certain legal matters, sometimes instead of a judge. Example: The magistrate presided over the initial child support hearing.

Example: The magistrate presided over the initial child support hearing.

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MANDATORY

Definition: Required by law, court rule, or order; in family law, mandatory obligations may include child support payments, parenting classes, or mediation before trial. Explanation: Something that the law or court requires and cannot be avoided. Example: The parents attended a mandatory parenting class before their custody trial.

Explanation: Something that the law or court requires and cannot be avoided. Example: The parents attended a mandatory parenting class before their custody trial.

Example: The parents attended a mandatory parenting class before their custody trial.

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MANDATORY PARENTING CLASS

Definition: A course required by the court for divorcing or separating parents to educate them on the effects of conflict on children and encourage cooperative parenting. Explanation: A court-ordered class teaching parents how to reduce conflict and help their children during separation. Example: Both parents had to complete a mandatory parenting class before the custody trial.

Explanation: A court-ordered class teaching parents how to reduce conflict and help their children during separation. Example: Both parents had to complete a mandatory parenting class before the custody trial.

Example: Both parents had to complete a mandatory parenting class before the custody trial.

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MARITAL STATUS

Definition: A person’s legally recognized status regarding marriage, such as single, married, divorced, or widowed; in family law, marital status affects property rights, support, and eligibility for benefits. Explanation: A person’s legal state of being married, divorced, or single. Example: The mother’s marital status changed from married to divorced after the court’s decree.

Explanation: A person’s legal state of being married, divorced, or single. Example: The mother’s marital status changed from married to divorced after the court’s decree.

Example: The mother’s marital status changed from married to divorced after the court’s decree.

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MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE

Definition: An official document issued by a government authority recording the legal union of two individuals in marriage; in family law, it is often required as proof in divorce or annulment proceedings. Explanation: A legal paper that proves two people are married. Example: The wife submitted a marriage certificate with her divorce petition.

Explanation: A legal paper that proves two people are married. Example: The wife submitted a marriage certificate with her divorce petition.

Example: The wife submitted a marriage certificate with her divorce petition.

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MARRIAGE OF ALLEN (1980)

Definition: A California case that established rules for reimbursement when community funds are used to improve one spouse’s separate property, requiring equitable adjustment. Explanation: If joint money improves property owned by just one spouse, the community may be reimbursed. Example: In Marriage of Allen, the community was reimbursed for funds spent remodeling the husband’s separate residence.

Explanation: If joint money improves property owned by just one spouse, the community may be reimbursed. Example: In Marriage of Allen, the community was reimbursed for funds spent remodeling the husband’s separate residence.

Example: In Marriage of Allen, the community was reimbursed for funds spent remodeling the husband’s separate residence.

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MARRIAGE OF FRICK (1986)

Definition: A California case that clarified the method for calculating reimbursement when community contributions are made toward the mortgage and improvements of one spouse’s separate property. Explanation: It set rules for how much the community should be paid back if joint money goes into a spouse’s separate property. Example: In Marriage of Frick, the court reimbursed the community for payments on the wife’s separate property mortgage.

Explanation: It set rules for how much the community should be paid back if joint money goes into a spouse’s separate property. Example: In Marriage of Frick, the court reimbursed the community for payments on the wife’s separate property mortgage.

Example: In Marriage of Frick, the court reimbursed the community for payments on the wife’s separate property mortgage.

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MARVIN ACTION

Definition: A civil lawsuit between unmarried partners (cohabitants) to enforce express or implied agreements regarding property division or financial support after the relationship ends. It comes from Marvin v. Marvin (1976), where the California Supreme Court held that contracts between cohabitants are enforceable if not based solely on sexual services. Explanation: A type of lawsuit where an unmarried partner asks the court to recognize agreements or fairness in dividing property or providing support. Example: After their breakup, the woman filed a Marvin action claiming her partner promised to share his earnings and provide lifelong support.

Explanation: A type of lawsuit where an unmarried partner asks the court to recognize agreements or fairness in dividing property or providing support. Example: After their breakup, the woman filed a Marvin action claiming her partner promised to share his earnings and provide lifelong support.

Example: After their breakup, the woman filed a Marvin action claiming her partner promised to share his earnings and provide lifelong support.

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MATERIAL EVIDENCE

Definition: Evidence that is directly relevant and significant to the issues being decided, and that could affect the outcome of the case; in family law, material evidence may include financial records, custody evaluations, or testimony about a child’s welfare. Explanation: Important evidence that could change the judge’s decision. Example: The custody evaluator’s report was considered material evidence in the case.

Explanation: Important evidence that could change the judge’s decision. Example: The custody evaluator’s report was considered material evidence in the case.

Example: The custody evaluator’s report was considered material evidence in the case.

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MATERIAL WITNESS

Definition: A witness whose testimony is considered crucial to determining the outcome of a case; in family law, a material witness might be a teacher, counselor, or doctor who can provide important insight into a child’s well-being. Explanation: A very important witness whose testimony is needed for the case. Example: The court treated the child’s therapist as a material witness in the custody hearing.

Explanation: A very important witness whose testimony is needed for the case. Example: The court treated the child’s therapist as a material witness in the custody hearing.

Example: The court treated the child’s therapist as a material witness in the custody hearing.

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MATTER

Definition: A legal dispute, issue, or subject brought before the court for resolution; in family law, a matter may refer to divorce, custody, visitation, support, or any related proceeding. Explanation: A legal issue or case that the court must decide. Example: The custody matter was scheduled for hearing in the family court.

Explanation: A legal issue or case that the court must decide. Example: The custody matter was scheduled for hearing in the family court.

Example: The custody matter was scheduled for hearing in the family court.

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MEDIATION

Definition: A process in which a neutral third party helps parents resolve disputes without a trial. Explanation: A meeting with a neutral person to help parents agree. Example: The couple attended mediation to settle custody issues.

Explanation: A meeting with a neutral person to help parents agree. Example: The couple attended mediation to settle custody issues.

Example: The couple attended mediation to settle custody issues.

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MEDIATOR

Definition: A neutral third-party professional trained to help disputing parties reach voluntary agreements outside of court; in family law, mediators assist parents in resolving custody, visitation, and support issues based on the best interests of the child. Explanation: A neutral person who helps parents agree on custody, visitation, or support without a trial. Example: The mediator helped the parents create a shared custody schedule that the court later approved.

Explanation: A neutral person who helps parents agree on custody, visitation, or support without a trial. Example: The mediator helped the parents create a shared custody schedule that the court later approved.

Example: The mediator helped the parents create a shared custody schedule that the court later approved.

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MENTAL INCAPACITY

Definition: A legal condition in which a person cannot understand the nature or consequences of their actions or decisions due to mental illness, cognitive impairment, or disability; in family law, mental incapacity may affect custody, guardianship, or the validity of agreements. Explanation: When a person cannot make sound decisions because of mental illness or disability. Example: The court found the mother had mental incapacity and appointed a guardian to manage her child’s care.

Explanation: When a person cannot make sound decisions because of mental illness or disability. Example: The court found the mother had mental incapacity and appointed a guardian to manage her child’s care.

Example: The court found the mother had mental incapacity and appointed a guardian to manage her child’s care.

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MENTALLY ILL

Definition: A medical and legal status referring to a person diagnosed with a mental disorder that substantially affects their ability to function; in family law, mental illness may be considered in custody decisions, guardianship cases, or protective proceedings. Explanation: When a person has a mental disorder that impacts their daily life and decisions. Example: The court evaluated whether the father, who was mentally ill, could safely care for the child.

Explanation: When a person has a mental disorder that impacts their daily life and decisions. Example: The court evaluated whether the father, who was mentally ill, could safely care for the child.

Example: The court evaluated whether the father, who was mentally ill, could safely care for the child.

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MERITS

Definition: The actual facts and substantive legal issues of a case, as opposed to technical or procedural matters; in family law, decisions on the merits focus on evidence regarding custody, support, or property division. Explanation: The real issues and evidence in a case, not just the technical rules. Example: The judge ruled on the merits of the custody dispute, emphasizing the child’s best interests.

Explanation: The real issues and evidence in a case, not just the technical rules. Example: The judge ruled on the merits of the custody dispute, emphasizing the child’s best interests.

Example: The judge ruled on the merits of the custody dispute, emphasizing the child’s best interests.

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MINIMUM PAYMENT

Definition: The lowest amount a party is legally required to pay at a given time toward a debt or obligation; in family law, this may refer to ordered child support, spousal support, or payment plans for arrears. Explanation: The smallest amount a person must pay to stay current on a debt or support order. Example: The father was ordered to make a minimum payment each month toward his child support arrears.

Explanation: The smallest amount a person must pay to stay current on a debt or support order. Example: The father was ordered to make a minimum payment each month toward his child support arrears.

Example: The father was ordered to make a minimum payment each month toward his child support arrears.

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MINOR

Definition: A person under the age of majority, usually under 18, who is subject to parental authority or court jurisdiction. Explanation: A child under 18 years old. Example: The court appointed a guardian for the minor.

Explanation: A child under 18 years old. Example: The court appointed a guardian for the minor.

Example: The court appointed a guardian for the minor.

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MISLEADING

Definition: A statement, action, or piece of evidence that has the tendency to deceive or create a false impression, whether intentional or not; in family law, misleading information may arise in financial disclosures, testimony, or representations made to the court. Explanation: Information that gives the wrong idea or hides the truth. Example: The court found the father’s income statement misleading because he failed to include his overtime pay.

Explanation: Information that gives the wrong idea or hides the truth. Example: The court found the father’s income statement misleading because he failed to include his overtime pay.

Example: The court found the father’s income statement misleading because he failed to include his overtime pay.

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MISTRIAL

Definition: A trial that is declared invalid before its conclusion because of a fundamental error, misconduct, or inability of the jury or judge to proceed fairly; in family law, mistrials are rare but may occur if key evidence was improperly admitted or due process was violated. Explanation: A trial that must be stopped and treated as if it never happened because of a serious problem. Example: The judge declared a mistrial in the custody case after learning that confidential records had been improperly shared.

Explanation: A trial that must be stopped and treated as if it never happened because of a serious problem. Example: The judge declared a mistrial in the custody case after learning that confidential records had been improperly shared.

Example: The judge declared a mistrial in the custody case after learning that confidential records had been improperly shared.

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MODIFICATION

Definition: A legal request to change an existing court order, often for custody, visitation, or support. Explanation: Asking the court to change an existing order. Example: He filed a modification to reduce his child support.

Explanation: Asking the court to change an existing order. Example: He filed a modification to reduce his child support.

Example: He filed a modification to reduce his child support.

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MONEY JUDGMENT

Definition: A court’s formal order requiring one party to pay a specific sum of money to another, often arising from arrears in child support, spousal support, or damages; enforceable through collection tools like wage garnishment or liens. Explanation: A judge’s order that someone must pay money to another person. Example: The mother obtained a money judgment against the father for $10,000 in unpaid child support.

Explanation: A judge’s order that someone must pay money to another person. Example: The mother obtained a money judgment against the father for $10,000 in unpaid child support.

Example: The mother obtained a money judgment against the father for $10,000 in unpaid child support.

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MONITORED EXCHANGE

Definition: A custody exchange supervised by a neutral third party to ensure the safety of the child and parents. Explanation: When someone watches while parents switch custody of the child. Example: The parents used a monitored exchange center to avoid direct confrontation.

Explanation: When someone watches while parents switch custody of the child. Example: The parents used a monitored exchange center to avoid direct confrontation.

Example: The parents used a monitored exchange center to avoid direct confrontation.

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MONTHLY PAYMENT

Definition: A regularly scheduled sum of money due each month to satisfy a legal obligation, such as child support, spousal support, or payment toward arrears. Explanation: The amount someone must pay every month under a court order. Example: The father was ordered to make a monthly payment of $750 in child support.

Explanation: The amount someone must pay every month under a court order. Example: The father was ordered to make a monthly payment of $750 in child support.

Example: The father was ordered to make a monthly payment of $750 in child support.

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MOORE/MARSDEN

Definition: A California family law principle, from Marriage of Moore and Marriage of Marsden, that gives the community (marital estate) a proportional ownership interest in real property purchased before marriage but paid down with marital funds. Explanation: A rule in California divorce law that splits part of a house’s value when marital money was used to pay for property owned before marriage. Example: The judge applied the Moore/Marsden formula to divide the equity in the husband’s premarital home.

Explanation: A rule in California divorce law that splits part of a house’s value when marital money was used to pay for property owned before marriage. Example: The judge applied the Moore/Marsden formula to divide the equity in the husband’s premarital home.

Example: The judge applied the Moore/Marsden formula to divide the equity in the husband’s premarital home.

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MORAL TURPITUDE

Definition: Conduct that is considered contrary to community standards of honesty, morality, or good morals; in family law, findings of crimes involving moral turpitude may affect custody or parental rights. Explanation: Behavior considered dishonest, immoral, or very wrong. Example: The father’s conviction for a crime of moral turpitude was raised in the custody hearing.

Explanation: Behavior considered dishonest, immoral, or very wrong. Example: The father’s conviction for a crime of moral turpitude was raised in the custody hearing.

Example: The father’s conviction for a crime of moral turpitude was raised in the custody hearing.

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MOTION

Definition: A formal written or oral request asking the court to issue a ruling or order on a specific issue during a case; in family law, motions may request temporary custody, modification of support, or protective orders. Explanation: A request made to the judge to decide on a particular issue in the case. Example: The mother filed a motion to modify visitation after the father relocated.

Explanation: A request made to the judge to decide on a particular issue in the case. Example: The mother filed a motion to modify visitation after the father relocated.

Example: The mother filed a motion to modify visitation after the father relocated.

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MOTION TO MODIFY SUPPORT

Definition: A legal request asking the court to change an existing child or spousal support order due to changed circumstances such as income or needs. Explanation: Asking the court to change support payments because of new circumstances. Example: The father filed a motion to modify support after losing his job.

Explanation: Asking the court to change support payments because of new circumstances. Example: The father filed a motion to modify support after losing his job.

Example: The father filed a motion to modify support after losing his job.

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MUTUAL RESTRAINING ORDERS

Definition: Court orders issued against both parties in a family law case, prohibiting harassment, threats, or contact between them. Explanation: Orders stopping both people in a case from harassing or threatening each other. Example: The judge issued mutual restraining orders during the divorce proceedings.

Explanation: Orders stopping both people in a case from harassing or threatening each other. Example: The judge issued mutual restraining orders during the divorce proceedings.

Example: The judge issued mutual restraining orders during the divorce proceedings.

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NAME CHANGE PETITION (FAMILY COURT)

Definition: A formal request filed in family court to legally change the name of an adult or child, often due to divorce, adoption, or safety concerns. Explanation: A request in family court to legally change someone’s name. Example: The mother filed a name change petition for her child after adoption.

Explanation: A request in family court to legally change someone’s name. Example: The mother filed a name change petition for her child after adoption.

Example: The mother filed a name change petition for her child after adoption.

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NEGLECT

Definition: Failure of a parent or guardian to provide necessary care, supervision, or support for a child. Explanation: When a parent doesn’t give a child the care they need. Example: The agency investigated a claim of neglect.

Explanation: When a parent doesn’t give a child the care they need. Example: The agency investigated a claim of neglect.

Example: The agency investigated a claim of neglect.

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NEGLIGENCE

Definition: The failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would in similar circumstances, resulting in harm or risk of harm; in family law, negligence may involve failing to provide proper care, supervision, or safety for a child. Explanation: When someone does not act carefully enough and puts another person, often a child, at risk. Example: The court considered the mother’s negligence in leaving the child unattended when deciding custody.

Explanation: When someone does not act carefully enough and puts another person, often a child, at risk. Example: The court considered the mother’s negligence in leaving the child unattended when deciding custody.

Example: The court considered the mother’s negligence in leaving the child unattended when deciding custody.

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NO-CONTACT ORDER

Definition: A court order prohibiting one person from directly or indirectly communicating with or approaching another; in family law, no-contact orders are often issued in domestic violence cases to protect spouses, partners, or children. Explanation: A judge’s order that stops someone from calling, messaging, or approaching another person. Example: The court issued a no-contact order preventing the father from contacting the mother outside of custody exchanges.

Explanation: A judge’s order that stops someone from calling, messaging, or approaching another person. Example: The court issued a no-contact order preventing the father from contacting the mother outside of custody exchanges.

Example: The court issued a no-contact order preventing the father from contacting the mother outside of custody exchanges.

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NO-CONTACT VISITATION

Definition: A form of visitation where the child and parent interact without physical contact, often supervised through a barrier or monitored setting. Explanation: Visits where the parent and child see each other but cannot touch. Example: Due to safety concerns, the father was only granted no-contact visitation at the center.

Explanation: Visits where the parent and child see each other but cannot touch. Example: Due to safety concerns, the father was only granted no-contact visitation at the center.

Example: Due to safety concerns, the father was only granted no-contact visitation at the center.

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NO-FAULT DIVORCE

Definition: A divorce that does not require proof of wrongdoing by either spouse, often based on irreconcilable differences. Explanation: Divorce without blaming either spouse. Example: They filed for a no-fault divorce citing irreconcilable differences.

Explanation: Divorce without blaming either spouse. Example: They filed for a no-fault divorce citing irreconcilable differences.

Example: They filed for a no-fault divorce citing irreconcilable differences.

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NONCOMPLIANCE

Definition: The failure or refusal to follow a court order, law, or legal requirement; in family law, noncompliance may involve not paying child support, not following custody or visitation schedules, or ignoring restraining orders. Explanation: When someone does not do what the court has ordered. Example: The judge found the father in noncompliance for failing to pay three months of child support.

Explanation: When someone does not do what the court has ordered. Example: The judge found the father in noncompliance for failing to pay three months of child support.

Example: The judge found the father in noncompliance for failing to pay three months of child support.

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NONCUSTODIAL PARENT

Definition: The parent who does not have primary physical custody of the child. Explanation: The parent the child doesn’t mainly live with. Example: The noncustodial parent has visitation rights.

Explanation: The parent the child doesn’t mainly live with. Example: The noncustodial parent has visitation rights.

Example: The noncustodial parent has visitation rights.

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NONMARITAL CHILD SUPPORT

Definition: Financial support ordered for a child whose parents were never married, calculated the same way as for children of married parents. Explanation: Child support for children of parents who were not married. Example: The father was ordered to pay nonmarital child support after paternity was established.

Explanation: Child support for children of parents who were not married. Example: The father was ordered to pay nonmarital child support after paternity was established.

Example: The father was ordered to pay nonmarital child support after paternity was established.

Español: nonmarital manutención de menores

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con nonmarital manutención de menores.

NOTARIZE

Definition: To have a notary public officially certify the authenticity of a signature on a document, confirming the signer’s identity and willingness; in family law, documents such as affidavits, adoption consents, or property agreements may need to be notarized. Explanation: When a notary officially confirms that a signature on a legal paper is real. Example: The parents had to notarize their custody agreement before filing it with the court.

Explanation: When a notary officially confirms that a signature on a legal paper is real. Example: The parents had to notarize their custody agreement before filing it with the court.

Example: The parents had to notarize their custody agreement before filing it with the court.

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NOTARY PUBLIC

Definition: An official authorized by the state to witness signatures, administer oaths, and certify documents; in family law, a notary public ensures the validity of consents, waivers, and sworn statements. Explanation: An official who verifies signatures and documents for legal purposes. Example: The adoption papers were signed in front of a notary public.

Explanation: An official who verifies signatures and documents for legal purposes. Example: The adoption papers were signed in front of a notary public.

Example: The adoption papers were signed in front of a notary public.

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NOTICE

Definition: A formal written communication informing a party of legal action, hearing, or court order, required to ensure due process; in family law, notice must be properly served to the other party. Explanation: An official paper that tells someone about a case or hearing. Example: The father received notice of the upcoming custody hearing.

Explanation: An official paper that tells someone about a case or hearing. Example: The father received notice of the upcoming custody hearing.

Example: The father received notice of the upcoming custody hearing.

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NOTICE OF APPEAL

Definition: A written filing submitted to start an appeal, informing the court and opposing party that the filer seeks review of a judgment; in family law, a notice of appeal is the first step in challenging orders regarding custody, support, or divorce. Explanation: The paper filed to tell the court you want to appeal a decision. Example: The mother filed a notice of appeal to challenge the child custody order.

Explanation: The paper filed to tell the court you want to appeal a decision. Example: The mother filed a notice of appeal to challenge the child custody order.

Example: The mother filed a notice of appeal to challenge the child custody order.

Español: notice of apelación

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NOTICE OF HEARING

Definition: A formal document notifying parties of the date, time, and place of a scheduled court hearing; in family law, proper notice of hearing is required for motions, custody disputes, and support hearings. Explanation: A paper that tells the parties when and where the hearing will be. Example: The clerk mailed the notice of hearing to both parents regarding the support modification.

Explanation: A paper that tells the parties when and where the hearing will be. Example: The clerk mailed the notice of hearing to both parents regarding the support modification.

Example: The clerk mailed the notice of hearing to both parents regarding the support modification.

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NOTICE OF RELOCATION

Definition: A legal notice filed by a custodial parent informing the court and the other parent of plans to move the child to a new location. Explanation: Telling the court and the other parent before moving a child to another place. Example: The mother filed a notice of relocation before moving with the child to another state.

Explanation: Telling the court and the other parent before moving a child to another place. Example: The mother filed a notice of relocation before moving with the child to another state.

Example: The mother filed a notice of relocation before moving with the child to another state.

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OATH

Definition: A solemn promise, often made before a judge or notary, to tell the truth or faithfully carry out duties, with penalties for perjury if broken; in family law, parties, witnesses, and interpreters give oaths before testifying. Explanation: A promise to tell the truth or do one’s duty, made formally in court. Example: The witness took an oath before testifying about the child’s living arrangements.

Explanation: A promise to tell the truth or do one’s duty, made formally in court. Example: The witness took an oath before testifying about the child’s living arrangements.

Example: The witness took an oath before testifying about the child’s living arrangements.

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OBJECT

Definition: To formally oppose evidence, testimony, or procedure during a court proceeding, usually on legal grounds such as relevance or hearsay; in family law, objections protect parties from improper evidence being considered. Explanation: To tell the judge you disagree with something presented in court and want it excluded. Example: The attorney raised an objection when the opposing party attempted to introduce hearsay evidence.

Explanation: To tell the judge you disagree with something presented in court and want it excluded. Example: The attorney raised an objection when the opposing party attempted to introduce hearsay evidence.

Example: The attorney raised an objection when the opposing party attempted to introduce hearsay evidence.

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OBJECTION

Definition: A formal protest raised in court to disallow evidence or testimony. Explanation: When a lawyer tells the judge that something should not be allowed. Example: The attorney made an objection to the hearsay testimony.

Explanation: When a lawyer tells the judge that something should not be allowed. Example: The attorney made an objection to the hearsay testimony.

Example: The attorney made an objection to the hearsay testimony.

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OFF THE RECORD

Definition: A statement, discussion, or exchange that is not included in the official transcript of a court proceeding; in family law, judges or attorneys may go off the record for informal discussions, but these do not become part of the case history. Explanation: Something said in court but not officially recorded as part of the case. Example: The judge spoke with both attorneys off the record to encourage settlement discussions.

Explanation: Something said in court but not officially recorded as part of the case. Example: The judge spoke with both attorneys off the record to encourage settlement discussions.

Example: The judge spoke with both attorneys off the record to encourage settlement discussions.

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ON OR ABOUT

Definition: A legal phrase used to indicate that an event happened approximately on a certain date, without requiring exact precision; in family law, this is often used in pleadings and testimony. Explanation: A way of saying that something happened around a specific date, not exactly on it. Example: The petition alleged that the father stopped paying support on or about June 1.

Explanation: A way of saying that something happened around a specific date, not exactly on it. Example: The petition alleged that the father stopped paying support on or about June 1.

Example: The petition alleged that the father stopped paying support on or about June 1.

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ON THE RECORD

Definition: Statements, evidence, or proceedings that are officially transcribed and form part of the case’s legal history; in family law, everything said on the record may be reviewed on appeal. Explanation: Something said in court that is officially recorded as part of the case. Example: The mother wanted her objection placed on the record to preserve it for appeal.

Explanation: Something said in court that is officially recorded as part of the case. Example: The mother wanted her objection placed on the record to preserve it for appeal.

Example: The mother wanted her objection placed on the record to preserve it for appeal.

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OPENING ARGUMENTS

Definition: The initial statements made by attorneys at the start of a trial to outline the evidence and legal theories they intend to present; in family law, opening arguments frame the issues of custody, visitation, or support for the judge. Explanation: The first chance for each lawyer to explain what the case is about and what evidence they will show. Example: In his opening argument, the father’s lawyer emphasized his client’s role as primary caregiver.

Explanation: The first chance for each lawyer to explain what the case is about and what evidence they will show. Example: In his opening argument, the father’s lawyer emphasized his client’s role as primary caregiver.

Example: In his opening argument, the father’s lawyer emphasized his client’s role as primary caregiver.

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OPENING STATEMENT

Definition: Similar to an opening argument, it is a formal presentation at the start of trial summarizing what each party expects the evidence will show; in family law, opening statements prepare the judge to understand the custody or support issues at stake. Explanation: A short overview at the beginning of trial about what each side will try to prove. Example: The mother’s attorney gave an opening statement explaining why sole custody served the child’s best interests.

Explanation: A short overview at the beginning of trial about what each side will try to prove. Example: The mother’s attorney gave an opening statement explaining why sole custody served the child’s best interests.

Example: The mother’s attorney gave an opening statement explaining why sole custody served the child’s best interests.

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OPINION

Definition: A written explanation by a judge or appellate court setting forth the reasoning behind a decision; in family law, opinions may interpret custody statutes, support guidelines, or constitutional rights. Explanation: A judge’s written explanation of why they made their decision. Example: The appellate court’s opinion explained why the custody ruling was affirmed.

Explanation: A judge’s written explanation of why they made their decision. Example: The appellate court’s opinion explained why the custody ruling was affirmed.

Example: The appellate court’s opinion explained why the custody ruling was affirmed.

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ORDER

Definition: A written or spoken command issued by a court or judge requiring action or forbidding it. Explanation: A judge’s official instruction. Example: The judge issued an order granting visitation rights.

Explanation: A judge’s official instruction. Example: The judge issued an order granting visitation rights.

Example: The judge issued an order granting visitation rights.

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ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE (OSC)

Definition: A court order requiring a party to appear and explain why the court should not take a proposed action. Explanation: A notice telling someone to come to court and explain themselves. Example: The judge issued an order to show cause in the custody matter.

Explanation: A notice telling someone to come to court and explain themselves. Example: The judge issued an order to show cause in the custody matter.

Example: The judge issued an order to show cause in the custody matter.

Español: order to show cause (osc)

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ORDINANCE

Definition: A law or regulation enacted by a city, county, or other local government authority; in family law, ordinances may relate to housing, zoning, domestic partnerships, or local protections against harassment and abuse. Explanation: A local law made by a city or county. Example: The court referenced a county ordinance requiring background checks for childcare providers.

Explanation: A local law made by a city or county. Example: The court referenced a county ordinance requiring background checks for childcare providers.

Example: The court referenced a county ordinance requiring background checks for childcare providers.

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OUTSTANDING DEBTS

Definition: Financial obligations that remain unpaid at the time of legal proceedings; in family law, outstanding debts acquired during the marriage may be considered community or marital debts and divided between spouses. Explanation: Money that is still owed and has not yet been paid off. Example: The divorce decree required the couple to divide their outstanding debts equally, including loans and credit cards.

Explanation: Money that is still owed and has not yet been paid off. Example: The divorce decree required the couple to divide their outstanding debts equally, including loans and credit cards.

Example: The divorce decree required the couple to divide their outstanding debts equally, including loans and credit cards.

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OVERRULE

Definition: A judicial ruling that rejects an objection raised during a hearing or trial, allowing the evidence or testimony to be admitted; in appellate practice, to overrule also means to reverse or set aside a prior precedent. Explanation: When the judge rejects a lawyer’s objection and lets the evidence or testimony in. Example: The father’s attorney objected to the testimony, but the judge overruled the objection and allowed it.

Explanation: When the judge rejects a lawyer’s objection and lets the evidence or testimony in. Example: The father’s attorney objected to the testimony, but the judge overruled the objection and allowed it.

Example: The father’s attorney objected to the testimony, but the judge overruled the objection and allowed it.

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PAIN AND SUFFERING

Definition: A category of damages awarded for physical discomfort, emotional distress, or mental anguish caused by wrongful acts; in family law, claims for pain and suffering may arise in cases involving domestic violence or intentional infliction of emotional harm. Explanation: Money a court may order as compensation for physical or emotional harm. Example: The mother sought damages for pain and suffering caused by years of domestic abuse.

Explanation: Money a court may order as compensation for physical or emotional harm. Example: The mother sought damages for pain and suffering caused by years of domestic abuse.

Example: The mother sought damages for pain and suffering caused by years of domestic abuse.

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PALIMONY

Definition: A slang term for financial support claimed by one unmarried partner from another after the end of a cohabiting relationship, based on contract or equitable principles rather than family law statutes. Explanation: Support money (like alimony) requested by an unmarried partner after separation, but based on an agreement or fairness. Example: She sued for palimony, arguing her partner had promised to support her even though they never married.

Explanation: Support money (like alimony) requested by an unmarried partner after separation, but based on an agreement or fairness. Example: She sued for palimony, arguing her partner had promised to support her even though they never married.

Example: She sued for palimony, arguing her partner had promised to support her even though they never married.

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PARENT

Definition: A person who has a legal relationship with a child, either biologically or through adoption, carrying rights and responsibilities for care, custody, and support; in family law, a parent may also be established through court adjudication or voluntary acknowledgment. Explanation: A child’s legal mother or father, with duties of care and support. Example: The court determined that both parents would share legal custody of the child.

Explanation: A child’s legal mother or father, with duties of care and support. Example: The court determined that both parents would share legal custody of the child.

Example: The court determined that both parents would share legal custody of the child.

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PARENTAL RIGHTS

Definition: The legal rights and responsibilities parents have toward their children, including custody and decision-making. Explanation: The legal powers and duties parents have over their children. Example: The court discussed terminating parental rights in the adoption case.

Explanation: The legal powers and duties parents have over their children. Example: The court discussed terminating parental rights in the adoption case.

Example: The court discussed terminating parental rights in the adoption case.

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PARENTING COURSE

Definition: A court-ordered educational program designed to teach parents effective communication, conflict resolution, and strategies to minimize the negative impact of divorce or separation on children; many jurisdictions require parenting courses in custody or divorce cases before final orders are entered. Explanation: A class parents must take to learn how to help their children during divorce or custody disputes. Example: The judge required both parents to complete a parenting course before finalizing the custody arrangement.

Explanation: A class parents must take to learn how to help their children during divorce or custody disputes. Example: The judge required both parents to complete a parenting course before finalizing the custody arrangement.

Example: The judge required both parents to complete a parenting course before finalizing the custody arrangement.

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PARENTING PLAN

Definition: A written agreement or court order that outlines custody and visitation arrangements. Explanation: A plan that explains custody and visitation details for the child. Example: The parents submitted a parenting plan to the court.

Explanation: A plan that explains custody and visitation details for the child. Example: The parents submitted a parenting plan to the court.

Example: The parents submitted a parenting plan to the court.

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PARENTING SKILLS EVALUATION

Definition: An assessment of a parent’s ability to provide proper care, discipline, and support for their child, often ordered in custody disputes. Explanation: An evaluation to see if a parent has the skills to care for a child properly. Example: The judge ordered a parenting skills evaluation before deciding custody.

Explanation: An evaluation to see if a parent has the skills to care for a child properly. Example: The judge ordered a parenting skills evaluation before deciding custody.

Example: The judge ordered a parenting skills evaluation before deciding custody.

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PARENTING TIME

Definition: The court-ordered schedule that determines when each parent will spend time with their child, sometimes referred to as visitation; in family law, parenting time is structured around the best interests of the child and may be supervised or unsupervised. Explanation: The schedule showing when a parent is allowed to be with their child. Example: The divorce decree gave the father parenting time every other weekend and one evening per week.

Explanation: The schedule showing when a parent is allowed to be with their child. Example: The divorce decree gave the father parenting time every other weekend and one evening per week.

Example: The divorce decree gave the father parenting time every other weekend and one evening per week.

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PARTIES

Definition: The individuals or entities directly involved in a legal case who have legal rights and obligations in the proceedings; in family law, parties typically include spouses, parents, or guardians. Explanation: The people who are part of a legal case. Example: The court reminded the parties that the custody hearing was about the child’s best interests, not personal grievances.

Explanation: The people who are part of a legal case. Example: The court reminded the parties that the custody hearing was about the child’s best interests, not personal grievances.

Example: The court reminded the parties that the custody hearing was about the child’s best interests, not personal grievances.

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PARTY

Definition: A single individual or entity that takes part in a legal case; in family law, a party may be a spouse, parent, or guardian involved in proceedings concerning divorce, custody, support, or adoption. Explanation: One person who is officially part of a court case. Example: The father was named as a party in the child custody proceedings.

Explanation: One person who is officially part of a court case. Example: The father was named as a party in the child custody proceedings.

Example: The father was named as a party in the child custody proceedings.

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PATERNITY

Definition: Legal determination of fatherhood, often through genetic testing or acknowledgment forms. Explanation: The legal process of deciding who the father is. Example: The mother filed a case to establish paternity.

Explanation: The legal process of deciding who the father is. Example: The mother filed a case to establish paternity.

Example: The mother filed a case to establish paternity.

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PAYABLE

Definition: A financial obligation that is due to be paid, either immediately or at a set date, often referenced in judgments or support orders. Explanation: Money that must be paid under a court order. Example: Child support was payable on the first of each month.

Explanation: Money that must be paid under a court order. Example: Child support was payable on the first of each month.

Example: Child support was payable on the first of each month.

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PAYMENT

Definition: The transfer of money or value to satisfy a legal obligation; in family law, payments typically include child support, spousal support, or reimbursement of expenses. Explanation: Money given to meet a court-ordered duty. Example: The father made his monthly child support payment on time.

Explanation: Money given to meet a court-ordered duty. Example: The father made his monthly child support payment on time.

Example: The father made his monthly child support payment on time.

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PENALTY

Definition: A punishment, fine, or consequence imposed for violating a law or court order; in family law, penalties may include fines for contempt or sanctions for late support payments. Explanation: Consequences for breaking the law or ignoring a court order. Example: The court imposed a penalty for failure to follow the visitation schedule.

Explanation: Consequences for breaking the law or ignoring a court order. Example: The court imposed a penalty for failure to follow the visitation schedule.

Example: The court imposed a penalty for failure to follow the visitation schedule.

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PENALTY OF PERJURY

Definition: A statement made under oath that the signer affirms is true, with the risk of criminal penalties if the statement is false. Explanation: Signing or declaring something as true, with punishment if it turns out false. Example: The financial disclosure form was signed under penalty of perjury.

Explanation: Signing or declaring something as true, with punishment if it turns out false. Example: The financial disclosure form was signed under penalty of perjury.

Example: The financial disclosure form was signed under penalty of perjury.

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PENDING

Definition: A legal case or issue that is currently active and awaiting resolution. Explanation: A case that has been started but not yet finished. Example: The custody case is still pending before the family court.

Explanation: A case that has been started but not yet finished. Example: The custody case is still pending before the family court.

Example: The custody case is still pending before the family court.

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PEREIRA METHOD

Definition: A method used in California family law to divide community and separate property interests in a business when community labor has significantly increased its value. The Pereira method allocates a fair rate of return on the separate property investment, and the remainder of the growth is treated as community property. It comes from Pereira v. Pereira (1909). Explanation: A way to divide a business in divorce: the original investment stays separate, but most of the increase in value from work during the marriage is shared. Example: The court applied the Pereira method, awarding the husband a return on his original investment and classifying the rest of the business growth as community property.

Explanation: A way to divide a business in divorce: the original investment stays separate, but most of the increase in value from work during the marriage is shared. Example: The court applied the Pereira method, awarding the husband a return on his original investment and classifying the rest of the business growth as community property.

Example: The court applied the Pereira method, awarding the husband a return on his original investment and classifying the rest of the business growth as community property.

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PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE

Definition: The right of a party to reject a potential juror without stating a reason, limited in number by statute or rule. Rare in family law, since most trials are bench trials. Explanation: The right to excuse a juror without giving a reason. Example: During jury selection in a family-related tort case, the attorney exercised a peremptory challenge.

Explanation: The right to excuse a juror without giving a reason. Example: During jury selection in a family-related tort case, the attorney exercised a peremptory challenge.

Example: During jury selection in a family-related tort case, the attorney exercised a peremptory challenge.

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PERJURY

Definition: The criminal offense of knowingly making a false statement under oath in a judicial proceeding. Explanation: Lying under oath in court or in sworn documents. Example: The mother faced charges of perjury for lying in her affidavit about her income.

Explanation: Lying under oath in court or in sworn documents. Example: The mother faced charges of perjury for lying in her affidavit about her income.

Example: The mother faced charges of perjury for lying in her affidavit about her income.

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PERMANENT GUARDIANSHIP

Definition: A long-term order giving a guardian legal custody and decision-making rights for a child until adulthood, without terminating parental rights. Explanation: When a guardian gets long-term legal custody of a child until adulthood. Example: The aunt was granted permanent guardianship after repeated parental neglect.

Explanation: When a guardian gets long-term legal custody of a child until adulthood. Example: The aunt was granted permanent guardianship after repeated parental neglect.

Example: The aunt was granted permanent guardianship after repeated parental neglect.

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PERSONAL PROPERTY

Definition: Movable property owned by a person, not including land or buildings; in family law, personal property may be divided during divorce. Explanation: Belongings other than land or houses, such as cars, jewelry, or furniture. Example: The divorce decree divided personal property, giving the mother the family car.

Explanation: Belongings other than land or houses, such as cars, jewelry, or furniture. Example: The divorce decree divided personal property, giving the mother the family car.

Example: The divorce decree divided personal property, giving the mother the family car.

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PETITION

Definition: A formal written request to the court seeking legal relief or action. Explanation: A legal paper asking the court to decide on an issue. Example: The father filed a petition for joint custody.

Explanation: A legal paper asking the court to decide on an issue. Example: The father filed a petition for joint custody.

Example: The father filed a petition for joint custody.

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PETITIONER

Definition: The party who initiates a case by filing a petition. Explanation: The person who starts a case in court. Example: The petitioner asked for spousal support in addition to custody.

Explanation: The person who starts a case in court. Example: The petitioner asked for spousal support in addition to custody.

Example: The petitioner asked for spousal support in addition to custody.

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PLACEMENT

Definition: The arrangement of where a child will live, either temporarily or permanently, by court order. Explanation: The decision of where a child will live. Example: The court ordered placement of the child with relatives during the investigation.

Explanation: The decision of where a child will live. Example: The court ordered placement of the child with relatives during the investigation.

Example: The court ordered placement of the child with relatives during the investigation.

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PLAINTIFF

Definition: The party who brings a lawsuit by filing a complaint. Explanation: The person who starts a case asking the court for relief. Example: The plaintiff filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences.

Explanation: The person who starts a case asking the court for relief. Example: The plaintiff filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences.

Example: The plaintiff filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences.

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PLEADINGS

Definition: Formal written documents filed in court that state the parties’ claims, defenses, and positions. Explanation: The written papers that tell the court each side’s position. Example: The pleadings in the custody case included allegations of neglect.

Explanation: The written papers that tell the court each side’s position. Example: The pleadings in the custody case included allegations of neglect.

Example: The pleadings in the custody case included allegations of neglect.

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En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con pleadings.

POSSESSION

Definition: The control or holding of property, either physical or legal; in family law, it may refer to temporary possession of a marital home or belongings. Explanation: Having or controlling property. Example: The mother was given temporary possession of the family residence.

Explanation: Having or controlling property. Example: The mother was given temporary possession of the family residence.

Example: The mother was given temporary possession of the family residence.

Español: possession

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con possession.

POST-ADOPTION CONTACT AGREEMENT

Definition: An agreement between birth parents and adoptive parents that allows some form of contact or communication after adoption. Explanation: A deal that lets birth parents stay in touch with the child after adoption. Example: The birth mother signed a post-adoption contact agreement allowing yearly visits.

Explanation: A deal that lets birth parents stay in touch with the child after adoption. Example: The birth mother signed a post-adoption contact agreement allowing yearly visits.

Example: The birth mother signed a post-adoption contact agreement allowing yearly visits.

Español: post-adopción contact agreement

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con post-adopción contact agreement.

POSTPONE

Definition: To delay or reschedule a court hearing or deadline. Explanation: To move a hearing or requirement to a later date. Example: The court agreed to postpone the child support hearing.

Explanation: To move a hearing or requirement to a later date. Example: The court agreed to postpone the child support hearing.

Example: The court agreed to postpone the child support hearing.

Español: postpone

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con postpone.

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Definition: A legal document granting one person authority to act on behalf of another; in family law, this may be used for childcare, financial management, or medical decisions. Explanation: A paper giving someone else legal power to act for you. Example: The mother signed a power of attorney allowing her sister to care for the child during deployment.

Explanation: A paper giving someone else legal power to act for you. Example: The mother signed a power of attorney allowing her sister to care for the child during deployment.

Example: The mother signed a power of attorney allowing her sister to care for the child during deployment.

Español: power of attorney

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con power of attorney.

PREJUDICE

Definition: In legal terms, harm or disadvantage caused by a ruling; in family law, a case dismissed “with prejudice” cannot be refiled, while “without prejudice” allows refiling. Explanation: Whether a case can or cannot be brought back again after dismissal. Example: The judge dismissed the petition with prejudice due to lack of evidence.

Explanation: Whether a case can or cannot be brought back again after dismissal. Example: The judge dismissed the petition with prejudice due to lack of evidence.

Example: The judge dismissed the petition with prejudice due to lack of evidence.

Español: prejudice

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con prejudice.

PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE

Definition: The standard of proof in most civil and family law cases, requiring that a fact be more likely true than not (greater than 50%). Explanation: The level of proof showing something is more likely true than not. Example: The court used the preponderance of the evidence standard to decide the custody dispute.

Explanation: The level of proof showing something is more likely true than not. Example: The court used the preponderance of the evidence standard to decide the custody dispute.

Example: The court used the preponderance of the evidence standard to decide the custody dispute.

Español: preponderance of the evidence

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con preponderance of the evidence.

PRESCRIBED

Definition: Ordered, directed, or required by law, rule, or court. Explanation: Something required by the law or judge. Example: The parents completed the prescribed parenting class before finalizing their divorce.

Explanation: Something required by the law or judge. Example: The parents completed the prescribed parenting class before finalizing their divorce.

Example: The parents completed the prescribed parenting class before finalizing their divorce.

Español: prescribed

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con prescribed.

PRESIDING JUDGE

Definition: The judge assigned to oversee and manage a particular case or division, ensuring it proceeds properly. Explanation: The main judge in charge of a case. Example: The presiding judge set deadlines for custody evaluations.

Explanation: The main judge in charge of a case. Example: The presiding judge set deadlines for custody evaluations.

Example: The presiding judge set deadlines for custody evaluations.

Español: presiding judge

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con presiding judge.

PREVAILING PARTY

Definition: The party who wins a case or succeeds on the main issues; in family law, the prevailing party may be entitled to attorney’s fees or costs. Explanation: The side that wins in court. Example: The court awarded fees to the prevailing party in the custody dispute.

Explanation: The side that wins in court. Example: The court awarded fees to the prevailing party in the custody dispute.

Example: The court awarded fees to the prevailing party in the custody dispute.

Español: prevailing party

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con prevailing party.

PRIMA FACIE

Definition: Evidence sufficient to establish a fact unless contradicted; in family law, a prima facie case of neglect may justify court intervention. Explanation: Proof strong enough to stand unless it is disproved. Example: The court found a prima facie showing of neglect based on the child’s living conditions.

Explanation: Proof strong enough to stand unless it is disproved. Example: The court found a prima facie showing of neglect based on the child’s living conditions.

Example: The court found a prima facie showing of neglect based on the child’s living conditions.

Español: prima facie

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con prima facie.

PRIMA FACIE CASE

Definition: A case supported by enough evidence to proceed unless disproved; in family law, it may apply to custody, neglect, or support claims. Explanation: A case with enough initial evidence to continue. Example: The mother established a prima facie case for custody modification by showing a change in circumstances.

Explanation: A case with enough initial evidence to continue. Example: The mother established a prima facie case for custody modification by showing a change in circumstances.

Example: The mother established a prima facie case for custody modification by showing a change in circumstances.

Español: prima facie case

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con prima facie case.

PRO PER

Definition: A party representing themselves without an attorney, short for “in propria persona.” Explanation: Someone who goes to court without a lawyer and represents themselves. Example: The father appeared in pro per for the divorce trial.

Explanation: Someone who goes to court without a lawyer and represents themselves. Example: The father appeared in pro per for the divorce trial.

Example: The father appeared in pro per for the divorce trial.

Español: pro per

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con pro per.

PRO SE

Definition: A Latin term meaning “for oneself,” referring to a party who represents themselves in court without an attorney. Explanation: A person who represents themselves in court without hiring a lawyer. Example: The mother chose to proceed pro se in her custody case.

Explanation: A person who represents themselves in court without hiring a lawyer. Example: The mother chose to proceed pro se in her custody case.

Example: The mother chose to proceed pro se in her custody case.

Español: pro se

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con pro se.

PROCEDURE

Definition: The set of rules that govern how a legal case moves through the court system. Explanation: The steps and rules courts follow in handling cases. Example: The attorney followed proper procedure in filing the custody motion.

Explanation: The steps and rules courts follow in handling cases. Example: The attorney followed proper procedure in filing the custody motion.

Example: The attorney followed proper procedure in filing the custody motion.

Español: procedure

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con procedure.

PROCEEDING

Definition: A step, hearing, or action taken in a case under the authority of the court. Explanation: Any formal part of a case in court. Example: The adoption proceeding lasted several months before finalization.

Explanation: Any formal part of a case in court. Example: The adoption proceeding lasted several months before finalization.

Example: The adoption proceeding lasted several months before finalization.

Español: proceeding

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con proceeding.

PROCESS

Definition: The official steps for serving legal documents and carrying out a case; also, the summons or writ notifying a party of legal action. Explanation: The legal steps and notices required to involve someone in a case. Example: The sheriff served process on the father with the custody petition.

Explanation: The legal steps and notices required to involve someone in a case. Example: The sheriff served process on the father with the custody petition.

Example: The sheriff served process on the father with the custody petition.

Español: process

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con process.

PROFFER

Definition: To present or offer evidence to the court for consideration. Explanation: To formally provide evidence for the judge to review. Example: The attorney proffered documents proving the father’s income.

Explanation: To formally provide evidence for the judge to review. Example: The attorney proffered documents proving the father’s income.

Example: The attorney proffered documents proving the father’s income.

Español: proffer

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con proffer.

PROOF

Definition: Evidence sufficient to establish a fact or persuade the court of its truth. Explanation: Evidence that convinces the judge that something is true. Example: The mother provided proof of medical expenses to support her reimbursement request.

Explanation: Evidence that convinces the judge that something is true. Example: The mother provided proof of medical expenses to support her reimbursement request.

Example: The mother provided proof of medical expenses to support her reimbursement request.

Español: proof

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con proof.

PROOF OF MAILING

Definition: A sworn statement or certificate showing that a document was mailed to the parties, used to establish service. Explanation: Written confirmation that a legal document was mailed. Example: The father filed proof of mailing for the custody motion he served on the mother.

Explanation: Written confirmation that a legal document was mailed. Example: The father filed proof of mailing for the custody motion he served on the mother.

Example: The father filed proof of mailing for the custody motion he served on the mother.

Español: proof of mailing

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con proof of mailing.

PROOF OF SERVICE (AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE)

Definition: A sworn statement confirming that legal papers were properly delivered to a party. Explanation: A signed statement that the other side was served correctly. Example: She filed a proof of service after serving the petition.

Explanation: A signed statement that the other side was served correctly. Example: She filed a proof of service after serving the petition.

Example: She filed a proof of service after serving the petition.

Español: constancia de notificación (affidavit of service)

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con constancia de notificación (affidavit of service).

PROPERTY

Definition: Anything of value owned by a person, including real estate, personal property, and intangible assets; in family law, property is divided as marital or separate in divorce. Explanation: What someone owns, like houses, cars, or accounts. Example: The divorce decree divided the couple’s property equally.

Explanation: What someone owns, like houses, cars, or accounts. Example: The divorce decree divided the couple’s property equally.

Example: The divorce decree divided the couple’s property equally.

Español: property

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con property.

PROTECTION ORDER

Definition: A court order intended to protect a person from harassment, abuse, or violence, often by restricting contact; common in domestic violence and custody cases. Explanation: An order keeping one person away from another for safety. Example: The mother obtained a protection order against the father after repeated threats.

Explanation: An order keeping one person away from another for safety. Example: The mother obtained a protection order against the father after repeated threats.

Example: The mother obtained a protection order against the father after repeated threats.

Español: protection order

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con protection order.

PROVE

Definition: To establish the truth of a fact or claim by presenting sufficient evidence in court. Explanation: To show with evidence that something is true. Example: The father had to prove that he had paid child support.

Explanation: To show with evidence that something is true. Example: The father had to prove that he had paid child support.

Example: The father had to prove that he had paid child support.

Español: prove

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con prove.

PUNISHABLE

Definition: Describing conduct for which the law provides a penalty if proven. Explanation: An act that can be punished by law. Example: Interference with visitation is punishable by contempt sanctions.

Explanation: An act that can be punished by law. Example: Interference with visitation is punishable by contempt sanctions.

Example: Interference with visitation is punishable by contempt sanctions.

Español: punishable

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con punishable.

PUNISHMENT

Definition: A penalty imposed by a court for violating the law or a court order. Explanation: The consequence or sanction given by a judge when rules are broken. Example: The father faced punishment for contempt after failing to pay support.

Explanation: The consequence or sanction given by a judge when rules are broken. Example: The father faced punishment for contempt after failing to pay support.

Example: The father faced punishment for contempt after failing to pay support.

Español: punishment

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con punishment.

PURSUANT TO

Definition: A legal phrase meaning “in accordance with” or “as authorized by” a law, rule, or order. Explanation: A formal way of saying something is done according to a law or order. Example: The court awarded custody pursuant to state statute.

Explanation: A formal way of saying something is done according to a law or order. Example: The court awarded custody pursuant to state statute.

Example: The court awarded custody pursuant to state statute.

Español: pursuant to

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con pursuant to.

QUALIFIED DOMESTIC RELATIONS ORDER (QDRO)

Definition: A court order that divides retirement plan benefits between divorcing spouses. Explanation: An order that splits retirement money in a divorce. Example: The judge signed a QDRO dividing the pension benefits.

Explanation: An order that splits retirement money in a divorce. Example: The judge signed a QDRO dividing the pension benefits.

Example: The judge signed a QDRO dividing the pension benefits.

Español: qualified domestic relations order (orden calificada de relaciones domésticas (qdro))

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con qualified domestic relations order (orden calificada de relaciones domésticas (qdro)).

QUASH

Definition: To annul, void, or set aside a legal proceeding, order, or document by court decision; in family law, motions to quash may be used to challenge improper service of process or subpoenas. Explanation: When a judge cancels or rejects a legal paper or order. Example: The father filed a motion to quash the subpoena for his employment records.

Explanation: When a judge cancels or rejects a legal paper or order. Example: The father filed a motion to quash the subpoena for his employment records.

Example: The father filed a motion to quash the subpoena for his employment records.

Español: quash

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con quash.

RATIONALE

Definition: The underlying reasoning or justification for a legal decision; in family law, judges must provide the rationale for custody or support rulings to show how they serve the child’s best interests or comply with the law. Explanation: The legal reasoning behind a judge’s decision. Example: The court’s rationale for awarding custody focused on the child’s emotional stability.

Explanation: The legal reasoning behind a judge’s decision. Example: The court’s rationale for awarding custody focused on the child’s emotional stability.

Example: The court’s rationale for awarding custody focused on the child’s emotional stability.

Español: rationale

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con rationale.

REBUTTAL

Definition: The presentation of evidence or argument intended to counter or disprove the opposing party’s claims; in family law, rebuttals may involve challenging custody evaluations or financial disclosures. Explanation: Evidence or arguments used to answer and disprove the other side’s case. Example: The mother offered a rebuttal to the father’s claim that she interfered with visitation.

Explanation: Evidence or arguments used to answer and disprove the other side’s case. Example: The mother offered a rebuttal to the father’s claim that she interfered with visitation.

Example: The mother offered a rebuttal to the father’s claim that she interfered with visitation.

Español: rebuttal

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con rebuttal.

RECESS

Definition: A temporary break in court proceedings ordered by the judge, usually for rest, scheduling, or review of evidence. Explanation: A short pause in a hearing or trial. Example: The judge called a recess during the custody trial to review the documents.

Explanation: A short pause in a hearing or trial. Example: The judge called a recess during the custody trial to review the documents.

Example: The judge called a recess during the custody trial to review the documents.

Español: recess

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con recess.

RECORD

Definition: The official collection of all documents, transcripts, evidence, and rulings that make up the history of a case; in family law, the record may be reviewed on appeal. Explanation: The official file of everything that happens in a case. Example: The appellate court reviewed the record of the divorce trial.

Explanation: The official file of everything that happens in a case. Example: The appellate court reviewed the record of the divorce trial.

Example: The appellate court reviewed the record of the divorce trial.

Español: record

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con record.

RECUSAL

Definition: The act of a judge or judicial officer removing themselves from a case due to bias, conflict of interest, or appearance of impropriety. Explanation: When a judge steps aside from a case because they cannot be fair. Example: The judge ordered recusal after realizing he had a prior connection to one of the parties.

Explanation: When a judge steps aside from a case because they cannot be fair. Example: The judge ordered recusal after realizing he had a prior connection to one of the parties.

Example: The judge ordered recusal after realizing he had a prior connection to one of the parties.

Español: recusal

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con recusal.

RECUSE

Definition: To formally disqualify oneself, or be disqualified, from participating in a case due to bias or conflict; the verb form of recusal. Explanation: When a judge or official removes themselves from a case. Example: The magistrate chose to recuse herself from the custody case to avoid an appearance of bias.

Explanation: When a judge or official removes themselves from a case. Example: The magistrate chose to recuse herself from the custody case to avoid an appearance of bias.

Example: The magistrate chose to recuse herself from the custody case to avoid an appearance of bias.

Español: recuse

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con recuse.

REDIRECT EXAMINATION

Definition: The questioning of a witness by the attorney who originally called them, after cross-examination, to clarify or repair testimony; in family law, redirect is used to strengthen evidence about parenting or finances. Explanation: When a lawyer questions their own witness again after cross-examination. Example: On redirect examination, the mother’s attorney clarified her testimony about school enrollment.

Explanation: When a lawyer questions their own witness again after cross-examination. Example: On redirect examination, the mother’s attorney clarified her testimony about school enrollment.

Example: On redirect examination, the mother’s attorney clarified her testimony about school enrollment.

Español: redirect examination

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con redirect examination.

REDUCTION

Definition: A decrease ordered by the court in obligations or penalties, such as lowering support payments due to changed circumstances. Explanation: When a judge lowers the amount of support or another obligation. Example: The father requested a reduction in child support after losing his job.

Explanation: When a judge lowers the amount of support or another obligation. Example: The father requested a reduction in child support after losing his job.

Example: The father requested a reduction in child support after losing his job.

Español: reduction

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con reduction.

REFERRAL

Definition: The act of directing a case, party, or issue to another authority or professional for services or evaluation; in family law, referrals may be made to mediation, counseling, or child protective services. Explanation: When the court sends a case or person to another service for help or evaluation. Example: The judge made a referral to family counseling before deciding custody.

Explanation: When the court sends a case or person to another service for help or evaluation. Example: The judge made a referral to family counseling before deciding custody.

Example: The judge made a referral to family counseling before deciding custody.

Español: referral

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con referral.

REGARDING

Definition: A legal drafting term indicating that the subject of the document or order relates to a specific matter. Explanation: A formal way of saying “about.” Example: The decree included provisions regarding child support and visitation.

Explanation: A formal way of saying “about.” Example: The decree included provisions regarding child support and visitation.

Example: The decree included provisions regarding child support and visitation.

Español: regarding

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con regarding.

RELINQUISHMENT OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

Definition: A legal process in which a parent voluntarily surrenders their rights and responsibilities to their child, often in preparation for adoption. Explanation: When a parent gives up their legal rights to their child. Example: The father completed paperwork for relinquishment of parental rights so the child could be adopted by relatives.

Explanation: When a parent gives up their legal rights to their child. Example: The father completed paperwork for relinquishment of parental rights so the child could be adopted by relatives.

Example: The father completed paperwork for relinquishment of parental rights so the child could be adopted by relatives.

Español: relinquishment of parental rights

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con relinquishment of parental rights.

RELEVANT

Definition: Evidence or information that directly relates to and helps prove or disprove an issue before the court; irrelevant evidence is excluded. Explanation: Information that matters to the issue the court must decide. Example: The judge found the school records relevant to the custody dispute.

Explanation: Information that matters to the issue the court must decide. Example: The judge found the school records relevant to the custody dispute.

Example: The judge found the school records relevant to the custody dispute.

Español: relevant

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RELIEF

Definition: The remedy or assistance a party requests from the court, such as custody, support, divorce, or protective orders. Explanation: What someone asks the judge to give them in a case. Example: The mother sought relief in the form of sole custody and child support.

Explanation: What someone asks the judge to give them in a case. Example: The mother sought relief in the form of sole custody and child support.

Example: The mother sought relief in the form of sole custody and child support.

Español: relief

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con relief.

RELOCATION

Definition: When a parent with custody seeks to move a child to a different geographic area, requiring court approval. Explanation: Moving a child far away, needing the judge’s permission. Example: She filed a motion for relocation to another state with the child.

Explanation: Moving a child far away, needing the judge’s permission. Example: She filed a motion for relocation to another state with the child.

Example: She filed a motion for relocation to another state with the child.

Español: relocation

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con relocation.

RENDER A VERDICT

Definition: The act of a judge (in a bench trial) or jury delivering a formal decision that resolves the issues presented in a case; in family law, verdicts are less common since most cases are judge-decided, but the term may apply in related jury proceedings. Explanation: When the judge or jury announces their final decision in a case. Example: After reviewing the evidence, the court rendered a verdict awarding joint custody.

Explanation: When the judge or jury announces their final decision in a case. Example: After reviewing the evidence, the court rendered a verdict awarding joint custody.

Example: After reviewing the evidence, the court rendered a verdict awarding joint custody.

Español: render a verdict

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REQUEST

Definition: A formal application or motion made to the court asking for specific relief or action; in family law, requests often involve changes to custody, visitation, or support. Explanation: Asking the judge to make a decision or grant something. Example: The mother filed a request for a change in visitation due to her new work schedule.

Explanation: Asking the judge to make a decision or grant something. Example: The mother filed a request for a change in visitation due to her new work schedule.

Example: The mother filed a request for a change in visitation due to her new work schedule.

Español: request

En el proceso de familia, el tribunal consideró alegatos relacionados con request.

REQUIRED

Definition: Something that is legally mandated or obligated by law, rule, or court order; failure to comply may result in penalties. Explanation: Something the law or court says must be done. Example: Parenting classes were required before the court finalized the divorce.

Explanation: Something the law or court says must be done. Example: Parenting classes were required before the court finalized the divorce.

Example: Parenting classes were required before the court finalized the divorce.

Español: required

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RESPONDENT

Definition: The party who must answer or reply to a petition, complaint, or motion filed in court; in family law, the respondent is typically the spouse or parent opposing the petitioner’s claims. Explanation: The person who responds to a case started by someone else. Example: The respondent filed an answer denying the allegations in the custody petition.

Explanation: The person who responds to a case started by someone else. Example: The respondent filed an answer denying the allegations in the custody petition.

Example: The respondent filed an answer denying the allegations in the custody petition.

Español: respondent

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REST THE CASE

Definition: A phrase used when a party has presented all of its evidence and arguments and formally ends its presentation in a trial. Explanation: When a lawyer tells the judge they have finished showing all their evidence. Example: After calling her last witness, the mother’s attorney stated, “Your Honor, we rest the case.”

Explanation: When a lawyer tells the judge they have finished showing all their evidence. Example: After calling her last witness, the mother’s attorney stated, “Your Honor, we rest the case.”

Example: After calling her last witness, the mother’s attorney stated, “Your Honor, we rest the case.”

Español: rest the case

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RESTRAINING ORDER

Definition: A court order that protects a person from harassment, abuse, or threats by another person. Explanation: An order stopping someone from contacting or harming another. Example: The court issued a restraining order in the domestic violence case.

Explanation: An order stopping someone from contacting or harming another. Example: The court issued a restraining order in the domestic violence case.

Example: The court issued a restraining order in the domestic violence case.

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RETURN A VERDICT

Definition: The act of a jury, or in some cases a judge, formally delivering their decision on the issues presented in trial. In family law, this phrase is rarely used because most trials are bench trials, but it may appear in related jury matters. Explanation: When the jury or judge announces their decision in a case. Example: The jury returned a verdict confirming the validity of the premarital agreement.

Explanation: When the jury or judge announces their decision in a case. Example: The jury returned a verdict confirming the validity of the premarital agreement.

Example: The jury returned a verdict confirming the validity of the premarital agreement.

Español: return a verdict

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RETURN DATE

Definition: The date set by the court for a party to appear, respond, or comply with an order. In family law, return dates are used for hearings on motions, petitions, or restraining orders. Explanation: The specific day a person must go to court or respond to a case. Example: The restraining order was issued with a return date for the hearing two weeks later.

Explanation: The specific day a person must go to court or respond to a case. Example: The restraining order was issued with a return date for the hearing two weeks later.

Example: The restraining order was issued with a return date for the hearing two weeks later.

Español: return date

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RETURN OF SERVICE

Definition: A sworn statement by the person who served legal papers, confirming when, where, and how service was made; required to prove that the opposing party received notice. Explanation: A written statement proving someone was given legal papers. Example: The process server filed a return of service showing the father received the custody petition.

Explanation: A written statement proving someone was given legal papers. Example: The process server filed a return of service showing the father received the custody petition.

Example: The process server filed a return of service showing the father received the custody petition.

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REUNIFICATION COUNSELING

Definition: Therapy or counseling services aimed at rebuilding the relationship between a parent and child after separation, neglect, or abuse. Explanation: Counseling to help a parent and child rebuild their relationship. Example: The court ordered reunification counseling for the mother and daughter after years of estrangement.

Explanation: Counseling to help a parent and child rebuild their relationship. Example: The court ordered reunification counseling for the mother and daughter after years of estrangement.

Example: The court ordered reunification counseling for the mother and daughter after years of estrangement.

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REUNIFICATION SERVICES

Definition: Court-ordered programs designed to help parents correct issues that led to a child’s removal, with the goal of safely reunifying the family; services may include counseling, substance abuse treatment, or parenting classes. Explanation: Services to help parents fix problems so children can return home. Example: The court ordered reunification services for the mother after finding neglect.

Explanation: Services to help parents fix problems so children can return home. Example: The court ordered reunification services for the mother after finding neglect.

Example: The court ordered reunification services for the mother after finding neglect.

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REVIEW

Definition: The court’s re-examination of a case, order, or decision, either at a scheduled review hearing or through appellate review. Explanation: When the court looks again at a decision or order to see if it should change. Example: The judge scheduled a review of the custody order after six months.

Explanation: When the court looks again at a decision or order to see if it should change. Example: The judge scheduled a review of the custody order after six months.

Example: The judge scheduled a review of the custody order after six months.

Español: review

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RODRIGUEZ CREDITS

Definition: A reimbursement principle applied when one spouse’s efforts significantly increase the value of the other spouse’s separate property, requiring equitable compensation. Explanation: If a spouse’s work raises the value of property that belongs only to the other spouse, the community may receive credit. Example: The court granted Rodriguez credits when the husband’s labor improved the wife’s separate rental property, increasing its value.

Explanation: If a spouse’s work raises the value of property that belongs only to the other spouse, the community may receive credit. Example: The court granted Rodriguez credits when the husband’s labor improved the wife’s separate rental property, increasing its value.

Example: The court granted Rodriguez credits when the husband’s labor improved the wife’s separate rental property, increasing its value.

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RULE

Definition: A legal regulation issued by a court or governing authority, or a procedural guideline controlling how cases are handled. Explanation: An official requirement that parties must follow in court. Example: The judge reminded the attorneys to follow the local family court rule on discovery deadlines.

Explanation: An official requirement that parties must follow in court. Example: The judge reminded the attorneys to follow the local family court rule on discovery deadlines.

Example: The judge reminded the attorneys to follow the local family court rule on discovery deadlines.

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RULING

Definition: A judge’s official decision on a legal issue presented during a case, such as a motion or objection. Explanation: The judge’s decision on a specific part of the case. Example: The court’s ruling granted temporary custody to the mother.

Explanation: The judge’s decision on a specific part of the case. Example: The court’s ruling granted temporary custody to the mother.

Example: The court’s ruling granted temporary custody to the mother.

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RUNAWAY

Definition: A minor who leaves home without permission and stays away, often triggering court involvement or child welfare proceedings. Explanation: A child who runs away from home without consent. Example: The family court assumed jurisdiction after the teenager was found to be a runaway.

Explanation: A child who runs away from home without consent. Example: The family court assumed jurisdiction after the teenager was found to be a runaway.

Example: The family court assumed jurisdiction after the teenager was found to be a runaway.

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SANCTION

Definition: A penalty or corrective measure imposed by the court for violating a law, rule, or court order; in family law, sanctions may include fines, payment of attorney’s fees, or restrictions on evidence. Explanation: A punishment or consequence for disobeying court rules. Example: The judge imposed a sanction on the father for failing to disclose financial records.

Explanation: A punishment or consequence for disobeying court rules. Example: The judge imposed a sanction on the father for failing to disclose financial records.

Example: The judge imposed a sanction on the father for failing to disclose financial records.

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SATISFY A JUDGMENT

Definition: To fulfill or pay in full the obligations ordered in a judgment, such as paying child support arrears, spousal support, or property settlements. Explanation: To complete or pay off what the court ordered. Example: The father satisfied the judgment by paying all overdue child support.

Explanation: To complete or pay off what the court ordered. Example: The father satisfied the judgment by paying all overdue child support.

Example: The father satisfied the judgment by paying all overdue child support.

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SCHEDULE

Definition: A court-ordered plan or timetable; in family law, schedules are most often used for parenting time, visitation, and payment plans. Explanation: A timetable set by the court for custody, visitation, or payments. Example: The parenting schedule gave each parent alternating weekends.

Explanation: A timetable set by the court for custody, visitation, or payments. Example: The parenting schedule gave each parent alternating weekends.

Example: The parenting schedule gave each parent alternating weekends.

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SEIZURE OF ASSETS

Definition: The legal taking of property by court order to satisfy a debt or judgment; in family law, seizure of assets may be used to collect unpaid child support or spousal support. Explanation: When the court takes property to make sure a debt is paid. Example: The judge ordered seizure of assets from the father’s bank account to cover support arrears.

Explanation: When the court takes property to make sure a debt is paid. Example: The judge ordered seizure of assets from the father’s bank account to cover support arrears.

Example: The judge ordered seizure of assets from the father’s bank account to cover support arrears.

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SEPARATE PROPERTY

Definition: Property owned by one spouse before marriage, or acquired during marriage by gift, inheritance, or personal injury award. Explanation: Separate property belongs only to one spouse and isn’t divided in divorce. Example: Her grandmother’s inheritance was considered separate property.

Explanation: Separate property belongs only to one spouse and isn’t divided in divorce. Example: Her grandmother’s inheritance was considered separate property.

Example: Her grandmother’s inheritance was considered separate property.

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SEPARATION

Definition: The legal or factual ending of cohabitation between spouses or partners, which may be temporary or permanent; in family law, legal separation may involve court orders for custody, support, and property division without dissolving the marriage. Explanation: When spouses live apart, with or without a court order. Example: The couple’s separation agreement outlined custody and support before filing for divorce.

Explanation: When spouses live apart, with or without a court order. Example: The couple’s separation agreement outlined custody and support before filing for divorce.

Example: The couple’s separation agreement outlined custody and support before filing for divorce.

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SERVE

Definition: To formally deliver legal documents to a party, giving them official notice of legal action; in family law, service ensures due process in custody, support, and divorce cases. Explanation: To officially give someone legal papers about a case. Example: The father was served with the divorce petition at his workplace.

Explanation: To officially give someone legal papers about a case. Example: The father was served with the divorce petition at his workplace.

Example: The father was served with the divorce petition at his workplace.

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SERVICE

Definition: The legal act of delivering documents to a party in compliance with court rules; service may be personal, by mail, or by publication. Explanation: The official process of giving court papers to someone. Example: Service of the custody petition was completed by certified mail.

Explanation: The official process of giving court papers to someone. Example: Service of the custody petition was completed by certified mail.

Example: Service of the custody petition was completed by certified mail.

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SESSION

Definition: A period of time when the court is convened to conduct hearings or trials; in family law, sessions may involve temporary orders, custody disputes, or support hearings. Explanation: The time when the judge is holding court. Example: The custody matter was heard during the morning session of family court.

Explanation: The time when the judge is holding court. Example: The custody matter was heard during the morning session of family court.

Example: The custody matter was heard during the morning session of family court.

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SET-OFF

Definition: A legal reduction of one party’s obligation by the amount of another obligation owed by the opposing party; in family law, set-offs may apply to debts or support arrears. Explanation: When one debt is reduced because the other side also owes money. Example: The court applied a set-off, reducing the father’s arrears by the mother’s unpaid share of medical costs.

Explanation: When one debt is reduced because the other side also owes money. Example: The court applied a set-off, reducing the father’s arrears by the mother’s unpaid share of medical costs.

Example: The court applied a set-off, reducing the father’s arrears by the mother’s unpaid share of medical costs.

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SETTLE

Definition: To resolve a dispute by agreement without a trial, often recorded in a consent judgment or settlement agreement. Explanation: To reach an agreement instead of continuing the case in court. Example: The parents decided to settle their custody dispute through mediation.

Explanation: To reach an agreement instead of continuing the case in court. Example: The parents decided to settle their custody dispute through mediation.

Example: The parents decided to settle their custody dispute through mediation.

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SETTLEMENT

Definition: A formal resolution between parties to a legal dispute, often documented and entered as a court order; in family law, settlements may cover custody, visitation, support, and property division. Explanation: The written agreement that ends a case without trial. Example: The divorce settlement divided the couple’s assets and established a parenting plan.

Explanation: The written agreement that ends a case without trial. Example: The divorce settlement divided the couple’s assets and established a parenting plan.

Example: The divorce settlement divided the couple’s assets and established a parenting plan.

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SETTLEMENT CONFERENCE (FAMILY LAW)

Definition: A meeting where parties, attorneys, and sometimes a judge attempt to settle family law issues before trial. Explanation: A meeting to try to resolve family law issues before trial. Example: The property division was resolved during the settlement conference.

Explanation: A meeting to try to resolve family law issues before trial. Example: The property division was resolved during the settlement conference.

Example: The property division was resolved during the settlement conference.

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SHOW CAUSE HEARING

Definition: A hearing in which a party must appear before the court and explain why certain relief should not be granted or why they should not be held in contempt. Explanation: A court hearing where someone must explain their actions to avoid penalties. Example: The father attended a show cause hearing for failure to pay child support.

Explanation: A court hearing where someone must explain their actions to avoid penalties. Example: The father attended a show cause hearing for failure to pay child support.

Example: The father attended a show cause hearing for failure to pay child support.

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SHOW CAUSE ORDER

Definition: A court order requiring a party to appear and explain or justify their conduct or why relief requested by the other party should not be granted. Explanation: A judge’s order telling someone to come to court and explain themselves. Example: The judge issued a show cause order after repeated violations of the visitation schedule.

Explanation: A judge’s order telling someone to come to court and explain themselves. Example: The judge issued a show cause order after repeated violations of the visitation schedule.

Example: The judge issued a show cause order after repeated violations of the visitation schedule.

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SIDEBAR

Definition: A private conversation between the judge and attorneys, held outside the hearing of the jury or parties, usually about procedural or evidentiary issues. Explanation: A private discussion at the judge’s bench between lawyers and the judge. Example: The attorneys requested a sidebar to discuss the admissibility of testimony.

Explanation: A private discussion at the judge’s bench between lawyers and the judge. Example: The attorneys requested a sidebar to discuss the admissibility of testimony.

Example: The attorneys requested a sidebar to discuss the admissibility of testimony.

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SIGNIFICANT

Definition: Important, material, or meaningful in a way that affects the outcome of a case; in family law, significant changes in circumstances may justify modifying custody or support. Explanation: Something important enough to affect the case. Example: The court found a significant change in circumstances and modified the custody order.

Explanation: Something important enough to affect the case. Example: The court found a significant change in circumstances and modified the custody order.

Example: The court found a significant change in circumstances and modified the custody order.

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SPOUSAL SUPPORT

Definition: Financial assistance ordered by the court from one spouse to another after separation or divorce. Explanation: Spousal support is money one spouse pays the other to help with living expenses after divorce. Example: The court ordered him to pay spousal support after the divorce.

Explanation: Spousal support is money one spouse pays the other to help with living expenses after divorce. Example: The court ordered him to pay spousal support after the divorce.

Example: The court ordered him to pay spousal support after the divorce.

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SPOUSE

Definition: A legally recognized husband or wife in a marriage; in family law, spouses have rights and obligations regarding support, property, and parental duties. Explanation: A person’s husband or wife under the law. Example: The divorce decree required each spouse to divide marital property equally.

Explanation: A person’s husband or wife under the law. Example: The divorce decree required each spouse to divide marital property equally.

Example: The divorce decree required each spouse to divide marital property equally.

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STATEMENT

Definition: A written or oral declaration of facts, often made under oath, used as evidence in court proceedings; in family law, statements may include financial disclosures or affidavits. Explanation: Words written or spoken to explain facts in a case. Example: The mother submitted a sworn statement about the father’s missed support payments.

Explanation: Words written or spoken to explain facts in a case. Example: The mother submitted a sworn statement about the father’s missed support payments.

Example: The mother submitted a sworn statement about the father’s missed support payments.

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STATUS

Definition: A person’s legal condition or position under the law; in family law, status refers to marital status, parental status, or the status of a child as dependent or emancipated. Explanation: The legal standing of a person in relation to family matters. Example: The court changed the parties’ status from married to divorced.

Explanation: The legal standing of a person in relation to family matters. Example: The court changed the parties’ status from married to divorced.

Example: The court changed the parties’ status from married to divorced.

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STATUTE

Definition: A written law enacted by a legislative body; in family law, statutes regulate marriage, divorce, custody, adoption, and child support. Explanation: A law passed by the legislature. Example: The custody order was based on the state statute requiring best-interest analysis.

Explanation: A law passed by the legislature. Example: The custody order was based on the state statute requiring best-interest analysis.

Example: The custody order was based on the state statute requiring best-interest analysis.

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STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS

Definition: The legal time limit within which a case must be filed; in family law, statutes of limitations may apply to paternity actions or enforcement of past support obligations. Explanation: A deadline for starting a legal action. Example: The mother’s claim for battery was dismissed as outside the statute of limitations.

Explanation: A deadline for starting a legal action. Example: The mother’s claim for battery was dismissed as outside the statute of limitations.

Example: The mother’s claim for battery was dismissed as outside the statute of limitations.

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STATUTORY LAW

Definition: Laws enacted by a legislature, as opposed to case law or common law; in family law, statutory law governs custody, divorce procedures, and support calculations. Explanation: Written laws created by lawmakers. Example: Statutory law requires both parents to support their children financially.

Explanation: Written laws created by lawmakers. Example: Statutory law requires both parents to support their children financially.

Example: Statutory law requires both parents to support their children financially.

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STAY

Definition: A court order temporarily halting a proceeding or enforcement of a judgment; in family law, stays may pause enforcement of support or custody orders pending appeal. Explanation: A pause or stop of a case or order by the court. Example: The appellate court issued a stay on the custody order during review.

Explanation: A pause or stop of a case or order by the court. Example: The appellate court issued a stay on the custody order during review.

Example: The appellate court issued a stay on the custody order during review.

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STIPULATE

Definition: To agree voluntarily to certain facts or terms during litigation, often to simplify issues for trial. Explanation: When parties agree on something so it does not need to be argued in court. Example: The parents stipulated to the child’s school enrollment before trial.

Explanation: When parties agree on something so it does not need to be argued in court. Example: The parents stipulated to the child’s school enrollment before trial.

Example: The parents stipulated to the child’s school enrollment before trial.

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STIPULATION

Definition: A written or oral agreement between parties that is accepted by the court and becomes binding; in family law, stipulations often resolve issues like custody schedules or support amounts. Explanation: An agreement made during a case that the judge approves. Example: The divorce included a stipulation that the father would pay health insurance for the children.

Explanation: An agreement made during a case that the judge approves. Example: The divorce included a stipulation that the father would pay health insurance for the children.

Example: The divorce included a stipulation that the father would pay health insurance for the children.

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STRIKE

Definition: A court order removing improper testimony, evidence, or pleadings from the record. Explanation: When the judge removes something from the case so it cannot be considered. Example: The court struck the father’s testimony after finding it hearsay.

Explanation: When the judge removes something from the case so it cannot be considered. Example: The court struck the father’s testimony after finding it hearsay.

Example: The court struck the father’s testimony after finding it hearsay.

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SUBMIT

Definition: To formally present a document, motion, or evidence to the court for consideration. Explanation: To give something officially to the court. Example: The attorney submitted the parenting plan for approval.

Explanation: To give something officially to the court. Example: The attorney submitted the parenting plan for approval.

Example: The attorney submitted the parenting plan for approval.

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SUBPOENA

Definition: A legal order requiring a person to appear in court or produce documents; failure to comply can result in penalties. Explanation: A court command to appear or bring documents. Example: The mother received a subpoena to testify at the custody trial.

Explanation: A court command to appear or bring documents. Example: The mother received a subpoena to testify at the custody trial.

Example: The mother received a subpoena to testify at the custody trial.

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SUE

Definition: To bring a legal action against another person in court. Explanation: To start a case by filing legal papers against someone. Example: The wife chose to sue for divorce after years of separation.

Explanation: To start a case by filing legal papers against someone. Example: The wife chose to sue for divorce after years of separation.

Example: The wife chose to sue for divorce after years of separation.

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SUIT

Definition: A legal case filed in court; in family law, suits include divorce, custody, or support actions. Explanation: Another word for a legal case. Example: The mother filed a suit for custody and child support.

Explanation: Another word for a legal case. Example: The mother filed a suit for custody and child support.

Example: The mother filed a suit for custody and child support.

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SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Definition: A court decision made without a trial when there are no disputed material facts and one party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Explanation: A ruling made by the judge without a trial because the facts are clear. Example: The father moved for summary judgment in the support enforcement action.

Explanation: A ruling made by the judge without a trial because the facts are clear. Example: The father moved for summary judgment in the support enforcement action.

Example: The father moved for summary judgment in the support enforcement action.

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SUMMATION

Definition: The final argument made by attorneys at the close of a trial, summarizing evidence and urging a favorable decision. Explanation: The lawyer’s closing remarks at the end of trial. Example: In her summation, the mother’s attorney stressed the child’s need for stability.

Explanation: The lawyer’s closing remarks at the end of trial. Example: In her summation, the mother’s attorney stressed the child’s need for stability.

Example: In her summation, the mother’s attorney stressed the child’s need for stability.

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SUMMONS

Definition: A legal notice requiring a person to appear in court and informing them of a case filed against them. Explanation: A paper telling someone that a case has been filed against them and when to appear. Example: The father was served with a summons in the divorce action.

Explanation: A paper telling someone that a case has been filed against them and when to appear. Example: The father was served with a summons in the divorce action.

Example: The father was served with a summons in the divorce action.

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SUPERIOR COURT

Definition: A trial-level court of general jurisdiction that hears civil and criminal cases, including family law matters such as divorce, custody, adoption, and support. Explanation: The main trial court that decides important cases, including family cases. Example: The custody petition was filed in the superior court of the county.

Explanation: The main trial court that decides important cases, including family cases. Example: The custody petition was filed in the superior court of the county.

Example: The custody petition was filed in the superior court of the county.

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SUPERVISED VISITATION

Definition: Court-ordered visitation where a neutral third party observes visits between a parent and child. Explanation: Supervised visitation means a parent can only see the child while another adult is present. Example: The judge granted supervised visitation due to safety concerns.

Explanation: Supervised visitation means a parent can only see the child while another adult is present. Example: The judge granted supervised visitation due to safety concerns.

Example: The judge granted supervised visitation due to safety concerns.

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SWEAR IN

Definition: The formal act of administering an oath to a witness, juror, or party, requiring them to promise to tell the truth or perform their duties honestly; in family law, witnesses and parties are sworn in before testifying. Explanation: When someone promises in court to tell the truth before speaking. Example: The judge asked the clerk to swear in the mother before her testimony in the custody case.

Explanation: When someone promises in court to tell the truth before speaking. Example: The judge asked the clerk to swear in the mother before her testimony in the custody case.

Example: The judge asked the clerk to swear in the mother before her testimony in the custody case.

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SWORN STATEMENT

Definition: A written or oral statement given under oath or affirmation, verified as truthful and signed before an authorized official; in family law, sworn statements are used for financial disclosures, affidavits, or declarations. Explanation: A written or spoken declaration made under oath that must be true. Example: The father submitted a sworn statement about his income in the child support case.

Explanation: A written or spoken declaration made under oath that must be true. Example: The father submitted a sworn statement about his income in the child support case.

Example: The father submitted a sworn statement about his income in the child support case.

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TAKE AN OATH

Definition: To make a solemn promise, administered by a court or authorized official, to tell the truth or faithfully perform one’s duties; in family law, parties, witnesses, and interpreters often take oaths. Explanation: To formally promise to tell the truth or do a duty in court. Example: The custody evaluator took an oath before presenting her findings to the court.

Explanation: To formally promise to tell the truth or do a duty in court. Example: The custody evaluator took an oath before presenting her findings to the court.

Example: The custody evaluator took an oath before presenting her findings to the court.

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TAX OFFSET

Definition: A government action that intercepts tax refunds and applies them to unpaid debts; in family law, tax offsets are commonly used to collect past-due child support. Explanation: When the government takes money from a tax refund to pay overdue support. Example: The father’s tax refund was taken through a tax offset to pay child support arrears.

Explanation: When the government takes money from a tax refund to pay overdue support. Example: The father’s tax refund was taken through a tax offset to pay child support arrears.

Example: The father’s tax refund was taken through a tax offset to pay child support arrears.

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TEMPORARY

Definition: Something that is valid for a limited time until a final decision is made; in family law, temporary orders may include custody, visitation, or support arrangements while a case is pending. Explanation: An order or arrangement that lasts only until the court makes a final ruling. Example: The court issued a temporary custody order giving the mother primary care until the trial.

Explanation: An order or arrangement that lasts only until the court makes a final ruling. Example: The court issued a temporary custody order giving the mother primary care until the trial.

Example: The court issued a temporary custody order giving the mother primary care until the trial.

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TEMPORARY CUSTODY

Definition: A short-term custody order made by the court until a final decision is reached. Explanation: Temporary custody is who the child stays with until the court makes a final order. Example: The mother was given temporary custody until the trial date.

Explanation: Temporary custody is who the child stays with until the court makes a final order. Example: The mother was given temporary custody until the trial date.

Example: The mother was given temporary custody until the trial date.

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TEMPORARY ORDER OF PROTECTION

Definition: A short-term protective order issued by the court to safeguard a person from abuse, harassment, or threats until a full hearing can be held; often used in domestic violence cases. Explanation: A quick order that protects someone from harm until a hearing takes place. Example: The mother obtained a temporary order of protection after alleging domestic violence by the father.

Explanation: A quick order that protects someone from harm until a hearing takes place. Example: The mother obtained a temporary order of protection after alleging domestic violence by the father.

Example: The mother obtained a temporary order of protection after alleging domestic violence by the father.

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TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER

Definition: A short-term court order that prohibits certain actions, such as contact, harassment, or removal of a child from the jurisdiction, until a full hearing; often issued in emergencies. Explanation: A judge’s emergency order that temporarily stops someone from doing something. Example: The judge granted a temporary restraining order preventing the father from removing the child from the state.

Explanation: A judge’s emergency order that temporarily stops someone from doing something. Example: The judge granted a temporary restraining order preventing the father from removing the child from the state.

Example: The judge granted a temporary restraining order preventing the father from removing the child from the state.

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TERMINATE

Definition: To bring a legal relationship, obligation, or proceeding to an end by court order; in family law, termination may apply to parental rights, support obligations, or marriage. Explanation: To legally end something, such as rights, duties, or a marriage. Example: The court moved to terminate the father’s parental rights due to long-term neglect.

Explanation: To legally end something, such as rights, duties, or a marriage. Example: The court moved to terminate the father’s parental rights due to long-term neglect.

Example: The court moved to terminate the father’s parental rights due to long-term neglect.

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TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

Definition: A legal process that permanently ends the legal rights of a parent to their child. Explanation: Termination of parental rights means a parent no longer has any rights to their child. Example: The court ordered termination of parental rights due to neglect.

Explanation: Termination of parental rights means a parent no longer has any rights to their child. Example: The court ordered termination of parental rights due to neglect.

Example: The court ordered termination of parental rights due to neglect.

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TESTIFY

Definition: To give sworn evidence in court as a witness, party, or expert; in family law, parties may testify about custody, support, domestic violence, or financial matters. Explanation: To speak under oath in court about what you know. Example: The mother testified about the father’s failure to attend the child’s medical appointments.

Explanation: To speak under oath in court about what you know. Example: The mother testified about the father’s failure to attend the child’s medical appointments.

Example: The mother testified about the father’s failure to attend the child’s medical appointments.

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TESTIMONY

Definition: The evidence given under oath by a witness or party during a trial or hearing; in family law, testimony helps the court decide issues such as parenting ability or financial status. Explanation: What a person says in court under oath. Example: The judge relied on the child’s teacher’s testimony about school attendance in the custody case.

Explanation: What a person says in court under oath. Example: The judge relied on the child’s teacher’s testimony about school attendance in the custody case.

Example: The judge relied on the child’s teacher’s testimony about school attendance in the custody case.

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THREAT

Definition: A declaration or action indicating an intention to cause harm, fear, or injury; in family law, threats may support restraining orders or affect custody decisions. Explanation: A statement or act showing intent to cause harm or fear. Example: The mother sought a restraining order after receiving a threat from her former spouse.

Explanation: A statement or act showing intent to cause harm or fear. Example: The mother sought a restraining order after receiving a threat from her former spouse.

Example: The mother sought a restraining order after receiving a threat from her former spouse.

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THREATEN

Definition: To make a statement or take an action indicating an intent to cause harm, intimidation, or coercion; in family law, threatening behavior may justify protective orders or limit visitation. Explanation: To say or do something that shows you plan to cause harm or pressure someone. Example: The father threatened the mother during a visitation exchange, leading to a court-ordered no-contact provision.

Explanation: To say or do something that shows you plan to cause harm or pressure someone. Example: The father threatened the mother during a visitation exchange, leading to a court-ordered no-contact provision.

Example: The father threatened the mother during a visitation exchange, leading to a court-ordered no-contact provision.

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TRANSCRIPT

Definition: The official written record of everything said during a court proceeding, prepared by a court reporter; in family law, transcripts are used for appeals or review of hearings. Explanation: The written record of all words spoken in court. Example: The mother ordered a transcript of the custody hearing for her appeal.

Explanation: The written record of all words spoken in court. Example: The mother ordered a transcript of the custody hearing for her appeal.

Example: The mother ordered a transcript of the custody hearing for her appeal.

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TRIAL

Definition: A formal court proceeding in which evidence and testimony are presented, and a judge (or jury, in rare cases) makes a final decision; in family law, trials decide disputes over custody, support, or property division. Explanation: A court process where the judge hears evidence and makes a final decision. Example: The custody trial lasted three days and included testimony from both parents.

Explanation: A court process where the judge hears evidence and makes a final decision. Example: The custody trial lasted three days and included testimony from both parents.

Example: The custody trial lasted three days and included testimony from both parents.

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TRIAL COURT

Definition: The court of first instance where cases are initially filed, evidence is presented, and rulings are issued; in family law, trial courts handle divorce, custody, adoption, and support cases. Explanation: The court where a case starts and evidence is first heard. Example: The trial court issued an order granting joint legal custody.

Explanation: The court where a case starts and evidence is first heard. Example: The trial court issued an order granting joint legal custody.

Example: The trial court issued an order granting joint legal custody.

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TRIAL JUDGE

Definition: The judge presiding over a trial, responsible for managing proceedings, ruling on objections, and issuing decisions or verdicts. Explanation: The judge in charge of the trial who makes rulings and final decisions. Example: The trial judge considered the best-interest factors before awarding custody.

Explanation: The judge in charge of the trial who makes rulings and final decisions. Example: The trial judge considered the best-interest factors before awarding custody.

Example: The trial judge considered the best-interest factors before awarding custody.

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TRIALS

Definition: Plural of trial; multiple formal court proceedings where evidence and testimony are presented and decisions are made. Explanation: More than one court trial. Example: The family division handled several custody trials in the same week.

Explanation: More than one court trial. Example: The family division handled several custody trials in the same week.

Example: The family division handled several custody trials in the same week.

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TRUST ACCOUNT

Definition: An account where money is held for the benefit of a child or dependent, managed by a trustee. Explanation: A trust account is where money is kept safe for someone, usually a child, until later. Example: The inheritance was placed in a trust account for the minor child.

Explanation: A trust account is where money is kept safe for someone, usually a child, until later. Example: The inheritance was placed in a trust account for the minor child.

Example: The inheritance was placed in a trust account for the minor child.

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UNCONTESTED DIVORCE

Definition: A divorce where both spouses agree on all terms such as custody, support, and property division. Explanation: Uncontested divorce means both sides agree and don’t fight in court. Example: They filed for an uncontested divorce since they agreed on everything.

Explanation: Uncontested divorce means both sides agree and don’t fight in court. Example: They filed for an uncontested divorce since they agreed on everything.

Example: They filed for an uncontested divorce since they agreed on everything.

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UNDER OATH

Definition: A legal status in which a person has sworn or affirmed to tell the truth in testimony, affidavit, or declaration, subject to penalties for perjury if false. In family law, parties and witnesses give testimony under oath in custody, support, and divorce cases. Explanation: When someone promises in court to tell the truth and can be punished if they lie. Example: The father testified under oath that he had paid all child support.

Explanation: When someone promises in court to tell the truth and can be punished if they lie. Example: The father testified under oath that he had paid all child support.

Example: The father testified under oath that he had paid all child support.

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UNDERSIGNED

Definition: A term used in legal documents to refer to the person who has signed the document, typically at the bottom; the undersigned affirms or accepts the contents. Explanation: The person who signed the document. Example: The undersigned agreed to the custody terms outlined in the settlement.

Explanation: The person who signed the document. Example: The undersigned agreed to the custody terms outlined in the settlement.

Example: The undersigned agreed to the custody terms outlined in the settlement.

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UNDUE

Definition: Excessive, improper, or unwarranted; in family law, undue may appear in terms like “undue influence,” where one party unfairly pressures another into an agreement. Explanation: Something unfair, unreasonable, or beyond what is proper. Example: The wife argued that she signed the prenuptial agreement under undue pressure.

Explanation: Something unfair, unreasonable, or beyond what is proper. Example: The wife argued that she signed the prenuptial agreement under undue pressure.

Example: The wife argued that she signed the prenuptial agreement under undue pressure.

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UNFIT PARENT

Definition: A parent determined by the court to be incapable of properly caring for a child due to abuse, neglect, substance abuse, mental illness, or other serious deficiencies; a finding of unfitness can lead to loss of custody or termination of parental rights. Explanation: A parent who cannot safely or properly care for their child. Example: The court found the father to be an unfit parent because of repeated domestic violence.

Explanation: A parent who cannot safely or properly care for their child. Example: The court found the father to be an unfit parent because of repeated domestic violence.

Example: The court found the father to be an unfit parent because of repeated domestic violence.

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UNIFORM CHILD CUSTODY JURISDICTION AND ENFORCEMENT ACT (UCCJEA)

Definition: A law that determines which state court has jurisdiction over child custody cases. Explanation: The UCCJEA decides which state’s court can handle a custody case. Example: The UCCJEA applied because the parents lived in different states.

Explanation: The UCCJEA decides which state’s court can handle a custody case. Example: The UCCJEA applied because the parents lived in different states.

Example: The UCCJEA applied because the parents lived in different states.

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UNREASONABLE

Definition: Conduct, actions, or demands that exceed what is fair, appropriate, or rational under the law; in family law, an unreasonable position may include denying visitation without cause, requesting excessive support, or refusing cooperation in custody arrangements. Explanation: When someone acts unfairly or beyond what is sensible in a case. Example: The court ruled it was unreasonable for the mother to withhold visitation without evidence of danger to the child.

Explanation: When someone acts unfairly or beyond what is sensible in a case. Example: The court ruled it was unreasonable for the mother to withhold visitation without evidence of danger to the child.

Example: The court ruled it was unreasonable for the mother to withhold visitation without evidence of danger to the child.

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UTILITIES

Definition: Essential services such as electricity, water, gas, and internet that are necessary for maintaining a household; in family law, utilities are considered in calculating child support, spousal support, and household expenses. Explanation: Household services like power, water, and gas that must be paid each month. Example: The divorce decree required both parties to share the cost of household utilities until the property was sold.

Explanation: Household services like power, water, and gas that must be paid each month. Example: The divorce decree required both parties to share the cost of household utilities until the property was sold.

Example: The divorce decree required both parties to share the cost of household utilities until the property was sold.

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VACATE ORDER (MOVE-OUT ORDER)

Definition: A court order requiring a person—often the restrained party in a domestic violence case—to leave the family residence. Explanation: Tells one person they must move out of the home, usually for safety. Example: The court issued a vacate order so the protected party could remain in the home with the children.

Explanation: Tells one person they must move out of the home, usually for safety. Example: The court issued a vacate order so the protected party could remain in the home with the children.

Example: The court issued a vacate order so the protected party could remain in the home with the children.

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VALUATION DATE

Definition: The date the court uses to determine the value of assets or debts for division. Explanation: The specific day used to price property or debts for splitting. Example: The parties agreed to use the date of separation as the valuation date for the business.

Explanation: The specific day used to price property or debts for splitting. Example: The parties agreed to use the date of separation as the valuation date for the business.

Example: The parties agreed to use the date of separation as the valuation date for the business.

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VAN CAMP METHOD

Definition: A method used in California family law to divide community and separate property interests in a business when the increase in value is mainly due to the inherent nature of the business or outside factors, rather than community labor. The Van Camp method allocates a reasonable salary for community services, and the remainder of the business growth is treated as separate property. It comes from Van Camp v. Van Camp (1921). Explanation: A way to divide a business in divorce: the working spouse is given a fair salary for their efforts during marriage, but most of the growth stays separate if it’s due to the business itself. Example: The court applied the Van Camp method, assigning the wife a reasonable salary for her work and classifying the rest of the business growth as the husband’s separate property.

Explanation: A way to divide a business in divorce: the working spouse is given a fair salary for their efforts during marriage, but most of the growth stays separate if it’s due to the business itself. Example: The court applied the Van Camp method, assigning the wife a reasonable salary for her work and classifying the rest of the business growth as the husband’s separate property.

Example: The court applied the Van Camp method, assigning the wife a reasonable salary for her work and classifying the rest of the business growth as the husband’s separate property.

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VENUE

Definition: The proper county or court location where a family law case should be filed or heard. Explanation: Which county or courthouse is the right place for the case. Example: Because the child has lived in Kern County for six months, that is the proper venue for custody.

Explanation: Which county or courthouse is the right place for the case. Example: Because the child has lived in Kern County for six months, that is the proper venue for custody.

Example: Because the child has lived in Kern County for six months, that is the proper venue for custody.

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VENUE TRANSFER

Definition: A court’s decision to move the case to another county or courthouse for proper venue or convenience. Explanation: Moving the case to a different court location. Example: The court granted a venue transfer to the county where the child resides.

Explanation: Moving the case to a different court location. Example: The court granted a venue transfer to the county where the child resides.

Example: The court granted a venue transfer to the county where the child resides.

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VERBATIM

Definition: Word-for-word repetition of spoken or written language; in law, it refers to exact transcription of testimony or proceedings without alteration. Explanation: An exact record of what was said, with no changes. Example: The court reporter provided a verbatim transcript of the custody hearing.

Explanation: An exact record of what was said, with no changes. Example: The court reporter provided a verbatim transcript of the custody hearing.

Example: The court reporter provided a verbatim transcript of the custody hearing.

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VERBATIM RECORD

Definition: The official, word-for-word record of everything said in court, usually produced by a court reporter; in family law, a verbatim record ensures accuracy for appeals or future proceedings. Explanation: The official written record showing exactly what was said in court. Example: The appellate court reviewed the verbatim record of the divorce trial to evaluate the father’s appeal.

Explanation: The official written record showing exactly what was said in court. Example: The appellate court reviewed the verbatim record of the divorce trial to evaluate the father’s appeal.

Example: The appellate court reviewed the verbatim record of the divorce trial to evaluate the father’s appeal.

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VERDICT

Definition: The formal decision made by a jury or, in some cases, a judge, resolving the factual issues of a case; while rare in family law (which is usually decided by judges), verdicts may appear in related jury trials such as family tort claims. Explanation: The official decision made by a jury or judge in a case. Example: The jury returned a verdict in favor of the mother in her claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

Explanation: The official decision made by a jury or judge in a case. Example: The jury returned a verdict in favor of the mother in her claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

Example: The jury returned a verdict in favor of the mother in her claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

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VERIFICATION

Definition: A written statement signed under penalty of perjury that the facts in a pleading are true. Explanation: A signed promise that what you filed is true. Example: She attached a verification to her financial disclosure forms.

Explanation: A signed promise that what you filed is true. Example: She attached a verification to her financial disclosure forms.

Example: She attached a verification to her financial disclosure forms.

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VERIFIED PETITION

Definition: A pleading that includes a verification, confirming its allegations are true. Explanation: A petition that the filer swears is accurate. Example: The court required a verified petition for the name change request.

Explanation: A petition that the filer swears is accurate. Example: The court required a verified petition for the name change request.

Example: The court required a verified petition for the name change request.

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VERSUS

Definition: A legal term, often abbreviated as “v.” or “vs.,” used in case titles to indicate opposition between parties in a legal proceeding; in family law, it identifies the petitioner and respondent in matters such as divorce, custody, or support. Explanation: A word showing that one party is bringing a case against another. Example: The case was titled Maria Lopez versus Juan Lopez in the divorce proceedings.

Explanation: A word showing that one party is bringing a case against another. Example: The case was titled Maria Lopez versus Juan Lopez in the divorce proceedings.

Example: The case was titled Maria Lopez versus Juan Lopez in the divorce proceedings.

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VEXATIOUS LITIGANT

Definition: A person designated by the court who repeatedly files meritless or harassing lawsuits and may need permission to file new actions. Explanation: Someone who files many baseless cases and needs approval to file more. Example: He was declared a vexatious litigant after multiple frivolous motions in family court.

Explanation: Someone who files many baseless cases and needs approval to file more. Example: He was declared a vexatious litigant after multiple frivolous motions in family court.

Example: He was declared a vexatious litigant after multiple frivolous motions in family court.

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VIOLATE

Definition: To break, disobey, or fail to comply with a law, order, or agreement; in family law, violations often involve custody arrangements, support orders, or protective orders. Explanation: To disobey a court order or legal requirement. Example: The father was found in contempt for violating the custody exchange order.

Explanation: To disobey a court order or legal requirement. Example: The father was found in contempt for violating the custody exchange order.

Example: The father was found in contempt for violating the custody exchange order.

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VIOLATION

Definition: The act or instance of breaking or disregarding a law, rule, or court order; in family law, violations may include nonpayment of support, denial of visitation, or disobedience of restraining orders. Explanation: The act of breaking a rule, law, or court order. Example: The mother reported a violation of the restraining order when the father contacted her by phone.

Explanation: The act of breaking a rule, law, or court order. Example: The mother reported a violation of the restraining order when the father contacted her by phone.

Example: The mother reported a violation of the restraining order when the father contacted her by phone.

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VIOLATION OF COURT ORDER

Definition: Failure to follow a court’s order, which may lead to contempt or sanctions. Explanation: Not obeying what the judge ordered. Example: Missing exchanges was a violation of the court’s visitation order.

Explanation: Not obeying what the judge ordered. Example: Missing exchanges was a violation of the court’s visitation order.

Example: Missing exchanges was a violation of the court’s visitation order.

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VISITATION

Definition: The time a noncustodial parent spends with a child under a court order. Explanation: Court‑ordered time for a parent to be with the child. The parenting plan set midweek and weekend visitation.

Explanation: Court‑ordered time for a parent to be with the child. The parenting plan set midweek and weekend visitation.

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VISITATION (ELECTRONIC/VIRTUAL)

Definition: Court‑authorized contact using video, phone, or other electronic means instead of in‑person time. Explanation: Visits by video or phone when meeting in person isn’t possible. Example: The order allowed weekly virtual visitation by video call.

Explanation: Visits by video or phone when meeting in person isn’t possible. Example: The order allowed weekly virtual visitation by video call.

Example: The order allowed weekly virtual visitation by video call.

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VISITATION CENTER

Definition: A facility where monitored exchanges or supervised visits occur in a safe setting. Explanation: A safe place for supervised visits or child exchanges. Example: Pickups and drop‑offs happened at the visitation center to avoid conflict.

Explanation: A safe place for supervised visits or child exchanges. Example: Pickups and drop‑offs happened at the visitation center to avoid conflict.

Example: Pickups and drop‑offs happened at the visitation center to avoid conflict.

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VISITATION INTERFERENCE

Definition: Unjustified actions that prevent scheduled visitation from occurring as ordered. Explanation: Blocking the other parent’s court‑ordered time without a good reason. Example: Repeated last‑minute cancellations amounted to visitation interference.

Explanation: Blocking the other parent’s court‑ordered time without a good reason. Example: Repeated last‑minute cancellations amounted to visitation interference.

Example: Repeated last‑minute cancellations amounted to visitation interference.

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VISITATION MODIFICATION

Definition: A request to change the existing visitation terms due to new circumstances or the child’s best interests. Explanation: Asking the court to adjust the current visitation schedule. Example: After the move, she sought a visitation modification for longer school breaks.

Explanation: Asking the court to adjust the current visitation schedule. Example: After the move, she sought a visitation modification for longer school breaks.

Example: After the move, she sought a visitation modification for longer school breaks.

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VISITATION MONITOR

Definition: A professional or approved adult who observes visits to enhance child safety. Explanation: A trained person who watches visits to keep the child safe. Example: The order required a professional visitation monitor for all visits.

Explanation: A trained person who watches visits to keep the child safe. Example: The order required a professional visitation monitor for all visits.

Example: The order required a professional visitation monitor for all visits.

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VISITATION RIGHTS

Definition: The legal right of a parent or relative to spend court‑approved time with a child. Explanation: The lawful ability to see the child under set terms. Example: Grandparents requested visitation rights after the parents separated.

Explanation: The lawful ability to see the child under set terms. Example: Grandparents requested visitation rights after the parents separated.

Example: Grandparents requested visitation rights after the parents separated.

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VISITATION SCHEDULE

Definition: A detailed calendar of visitation days, times, exchanges, holidays, and travel terms. Explanation: The written calendar that spells out when visits happen. Example: The judgment attached a complete visitation schedule including holidays and vacations.

Explanation: The written calendar that spells out when visits happen. Example: The judgment attached a complete visitation schedule including holidays and vacations.

Example: The judgment attached a complete visitation schedule including holidays and vacations.

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VOCATIONAL EVALUATION

Definition: An expert assessment of a party’s education, skills, and earning capacity, often used for spousal support. Explanation: A professional review of someone’s ability to work and earn. Example: The court ordered a vocational evaluation to determine her earning capacity.

Explanation: A professional review of someone’s ability to work and earn. Example: The court ordered a vocational evaluation to determine her earning capacity.

Example: The court ordered a vocational evaluation to determine her earning capacity.

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VOID MARRIAGE

Definition: A marriage that is invalid from the start and has no legal effect. Explanation: A marriage the law treats as if it never existed. Example: A bigamous union is a void marriage and can be challenged at any time.

Explanation: A marriage the law treats as if it never existed. Example: A bigamous union is a void marriage and can be challenged at any time.

Example: A bigamous union is a void marriage and can be challenged at any time.

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VOIDABLE MARRIAGE

Definition: A marriage that is valid unless and until annulled by a court on specific grounds. Explanation: A marriage that counts unless a judge cancels it. Example: A marriage entered under fraud may be a voidable marriage subject to annulment.

Explanation: A marriage that counts unless a judge cancels it. Example: A marriage entered under fraud may be a voidable marriage subject to annulment.

Example: A marriage entered under fraud may be a voidable marriage subject to annulment.

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VOLUNTARILY

Definition: An action taken freely, by choice, and without coercion, compulsion, or legal obligation; in family law, acts done voluntarily may include signing settlement agreements, paying support without enforcement, or consenting to custody arrangements. Explanation: Doing something by choice, not because the court forced you. Example: The father voluntarily increased his child support payments to help cover medical expenses.

Explanation: Doing something by choice, not because the court forced you. Example: The father voluntarily increased his child support payments to help cover medical expenses.

Example: The father voluntarily increased his child support payments to help cover medical expenses.

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VOLUNTARY ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PATERNITY

Definition: A legal document signed by unmarried parents establishing the father’s legal parentage without going to court. Explanation: A form unmarried parents sign to legally establish the father of a child. Example: The unmarried father signed a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity at the hospital.

Explanation: A form unmarried parents sign to legally establish the father of a child. Example: The unmarried father signed a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity at the hospital.

Example: The unmarried father signed a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity at the hospital.

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VOLUNTARY DECLARATION OF PARENTAGE (VDOP)

Definition: A signed form establishing legal parentage without a court case, often at the hospital or later. Explanation: A form parents sign to legally name a child’s parents without going to court. They signed a VDOP at the hospital to establish the father’s legal parentage.

Explanation: A form parents sign to legally name a child’s parents without going to court. They signed a VDOP at the hospital to establish the father’s legal parentage.

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VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL

Definition: A party’s decision to withdraw their case or motion before a final judgment. Explanation: Dropping your case or request on your own. Example: After reaching a settlement, she filed a voluntary dismissal of her motion.

Explanation: Dropping your case or request on your own. Example: After reaching a settlement, she filed a voluntary dismissal of her motion.

Example: After reaching a settlement, she filed a voluntary dismissal of her motion.

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VOLUNTARY RELINQUISHMENT

Definition: A parent’s voluntary surrender of certain parental rights, often in adoption or dependency matters. Explanation: Choosing to give up parental rights. Example: The mother signed a voluntary relinquishment so the adoption could proceed.

Explanation: Choosing to give up parental rights. Example: The mother signed a voluntary relinquishment so the adoption could proceed.

Example: The mother signed a voluntary relinquishment so the adoption could proceed.

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WAGE ASSIGNMENT (EARNINGS ASSIGNMENT ORDER)

Definition: A court order directing an employer to deduct support payments from a person’s paycheck. Explanation: Support money is taken directly from wages. Example: The court issued a wage assignment for child support.

Explanation: Support money is taken directly from wages. Example: The court issued a wage assignment for child support.

Example: The court issued a wage assignment for child support.

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WAGE EXECUTION

Definition: A court-ordered process that directs an employer to withhold part of an employee’s wages to satisfy a judgment or legal obligation; in family law, wage executions are commonly used to collect unpaid child support or spousal support. Explanation: When a judge orders money to be taken directly from someone’s paycheck to cover support or debts. Example: The court issued a wage execution against the father’s employer to recover child support arrears.

Explanation: When a judge orders money to be taken directly from someone’s paycheck to cover support or debts. Example: The court issued a wage execution against the father’s employer to recover child support arrears.

Example: The court issued a wage execution against the father’s employer to recover child support arrears.

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WAGE GARNISHMENT

Definition: A legal process to collect unpaid support by taking part of wages through the employer. Explanation: Using the employer to take a portion of pay for past‑due support. Example: Arrears were recovered by wage garnishment.

Explanation: Using the employer to take a portion of pay for past‑due support. Example: Arrears were recovered by wage garnishment.

Example: Arrears were recovered by wage garnishment.

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WAGE WITHHOLDING ORDER (WWO)

Definition: An order requiring automatic withholding of support from wages using the federal Income Withholding Order form. Explanation: A standard form that tells employers to send support from paychecks. Example: The clerk issued an IWO to implement the wage withholding order.

Explanation: A standard form that tells employers to send support from paychecks. Example: The clerk issued an IWO to implement the wage withholding order.

Example: The clerk issued an IWO to implement the wage withholding order.

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WAITING PERIOD (COOLING‑OFF)

Definition: A statutory minimum time—such as six months in California—before a divorce can be finalized. Explanation: The law requires a set wait before the divorce is final. Example: They could not finish the divorce until the six‑month waiting period passed.

Explanation: The law requires a set wait before the divorce is final. Example: They could not finish the divorce until the six‑month waiting period passed.

Example: They could not finish the divorce until the six‑month waiting period passed.

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WAIVE

Definition: To intentionally give up or relinquish a known legal right, claim, or privilege, either in writing or orally in court; in family law, parties may waive rights such as notice of a hearing or certain claims in a settlement. Explanation: To choose not to use a legal right. Example: The mother chose to waive formal service of the divorce petition.

Explanation: To choose not to use a legal right. Example: The mother chose to waive formal service of the divorce petition.

Example: The mother chose to waive formal service of the divorce petition.

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WAIVE A RIGHT

Definition: The intentional and voluntary relinquishment of a specific legal right, such as the right to trial, notice, or appeal; in family law, a party may waive a right to certain procedures in order to expedite settlement or judgment. Explanation: To give up a specific legal right on purpose. Example: The father agreed to waive his right to a hearing and signed the custody agreement.

Explanation: To give up a specific legal right on purpose. Example: The father agreed to waive his right to a hearing and signed the custody agreement.

Example: The father agreed to waive his right to a hearing and signed the custody agreement.

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WAIVE PARENTAL NOTIFICATION

Definition: A legal process in which a minor is excused from the requirement that a parent be notified of certain proceedings, such as medical or adoption-related decisions, when the court finds good cause. Explanation: When a judge allows a minor to move forward without informing their parents. Example: The court granted the teenager’s request to waive parental notification for medical treatment.

Explanation: When a judge allows a minor to move forward without informing their parents. Example: The court granted the teenager’s request to waive parental notification for medical treatment.

Example: The court granted the teenager’s request to waive parental notification for medical treatment.

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WAIVER

Definition: The voluntary and intentional giving up of a known right or claim. Explanation: Choosing to give up a legal right. Example: He signed a waiver of spousal support in the premarital agreement.

Explanation: Choosing to give up a legal right. Example: He signed a waiver of spousal support in the premarital agreement.

Example: He signed a waiver of spousal support in the premarital agreement.

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WAIVER OF COURT FEES

Definition: Permission from the court to not pay filing or appearance fees due to financial hardship. Explanation: The court lets you file without paying because you can’t afford it. Example: Her fee waiver was granted based on low income.

Explanation: The court lets you file without paying because you can’t afford it. Example: Her fee waiver was granted based on low income.

Example: Her fee waiver was granted based on low income.

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WAIVER OF RIGHTS

Definition: A written or oral declaration in which a person knowingly and voluntarily gives up specific legal rights or protections; in family law, this may include waiving the right to trial, notice, appeal, or certain claims in a settlement agreement. Explanation: When someone knowingly gives up their legal rights by choice. Example: The father signed a waiver of rights, agreeing not to contest the adoption.

Explanation: When someone knowingly gives up their legal rights by choice. Example: The father signed a waiver of rights, agreeing not to contest the adoption.

Example: The father signed a waiver of rights, agreeing not to contest the adoption.

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WANTON

Definition: Reckless or willful behavior that shows a disregard for the safety, rights, or well-being of others; in family law, wanton conduct may be relevant in findings of abuse, neglect, or harmful behavior toward a child or spouse. Explanation: Reckless behavior that shows no care for the harm it causes others. Example: The court found the father’s wanton disregard for safety when he left the child unattended for long periods.

Explanation: Reckless behavior that shows no care for the harm it causes others. Example: The court found the father’s wanton disregard for safety when he left the child unattended for long periods.

Example: The court found the father’s wanton disregard for safety when he left the child unattended for long periods.

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WARD OF THE COURT

Definition: A child under the protection and control of the court, typically in dependency proceedings. Explanation: A child the court takes responsibility for. Example: After neglect findings, the child was declared a ward of the court.

Explanation: A child the court takes responsibility for. Example: After neglect findings, the child was declared a ward of the court.

Example: After neglect findings, the child was declared a ward of the court.

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WATTS CHARGES

Definition: A charge assigned to a spouse in a divorce case for the reasonable value of their exclusive use of a community asset (such as the family home) after separation. It comes from the California case In re Marriage of Watts (1985). Explanation: A spouse may have to pay for using a shared property (like a house) alone after separation. Example: The husband was ordered to pay Watts charges for living in the family home by himself after separation.

Explanation: A spouse may have to pay for using a shared property (like a house) alone after separation. Example: The husband was ordered to pay Watts charges for living in the family home by himself after separation.

Example: The husband was ordered to pay Watts charges for living in the family home by himself after separation.

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WEEKEND/WEEKDAY SCHEDULE

Definition: A plan allocating regular weekends and specific weekdays to the noncustodial parent. Explanation: Noncustodial parent has certain weekdays and most weekends. Example: The order set alternating weekends and a midweek overnight.

Explanation: Noncustodial parent has certain weekdays and most weekends. Example: The order set alternating weekends and a midweek overnight.

Example: The order set alternating weekends and a midweek overnight.

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WEEK‑ON/WEEK‑OFF SCHEDULE

Definition: A custody schedule where the child alternates households each week. Explanation: Child spends one week with each parent, then switches. Example: They adopted a week‑on/week‑off schedule during the school year.

Explanation: Child spends one week with each parent, then switches. Example: They adopted a week‑on/week‑off schedule during the school year.

Example: They adopted a week‑on/week‑off schedule during the school year.

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WELFARE

Definition: Government programs that provide financial or social assistance to individuals and families in need; in family law, welfare may intersect with child support enforcement, foster care, and determinations of a parent’s ability to provide for a child. Explanation: Public assistance programs that give money or services to families who cannot meet basic needs. Example: The mother’s receipt of welfare benefits required her to assign her child support rights to the state.

Explanation: Public assistance programs that give money or services to families who cannot meet basic needs. Example: The mother’s receipt of welfare benefits required her to assign her child support rights to the state.

Example: The mother’s receipt of welfare benefits required her to assign her child support rights to the state.

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WELFARE AND INSTITUTIONS CODE (WIC)

Definition: California statutes governing juvenile dependency, delinquency, and related court procedures. Explanation: California laws for child dependency and juvenile matters. Example: The petition was filed under WIC §300 for dependency.

Explanation: California laws for child dependency and juvenile matters. Example: The petition was filed under WIC §300 for dependency.

Example: The petition was filed under WIC §300 for dependency.

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WHEREABOUTS

Definition: The location or place where a person or thing can be found; in family law, courts may require disclosure of a child’s or parent’s whereabouts to enforce custody and visitation orders. Explanation: The place where someone is located. Example: The mother was ordered to disclose the child’s whereabouts after moving without notice.

Explanation: The place where someone is located. Example: The mother was ordered to disclose the child’s whereabouts after moving without notice.

Example: The mother was ordered to disclose the child’s whereabouts after moving without notice.

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WHEREAS

Definition: A formal legal term used in the introductory clauses of legal documents to explain background facts or reasons for the document; common in contracts, settlement agreements, and court orders. Explanation: A word used at the beginning of legal documents to introduce reasons or facts. Example: The settlement agreement began with clauses starting with “Whereas” to explain the background of the divorce.

Explanation: A word used at the beginning of legal documents to introduce reasons or facts. Example: The settlement agreement began with clauses starting with “Whereas” to explain the background of the divorce.

Example: The settlement agreement began with clauses starting with “Whereas” to explain the background of the divorce.

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WILFULLY

Definition: An act done intentionally, knowingly, and purposely, without mistake or accident; in family law, willful violations of custody, support, or restraining orders may lead to contempt. Explanation: Doing something on purpose, knowing it breaks the law or a court order. Example: The father was found in contempt for wilfully refusing to pay child support.

Explanation: Doing something on purpose, knowing it breaks the law or a court order. Example: The father was found in contempt for wilfully refusing to pay child support.

Example: The father was found in contempt for wilfully refusing to pay child support.

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WILL

Definition: A legal document in which a person declares how their property should be distributed after death and may appoint a guardian for minor children; in family law, wills affect guardianship and inheritance rights. Explanation: A written legal document that states what happens to property and children’s care after someone dies. Example: The mother’s will named her sister as guardian of her minor children.

Explanation: A written legal document that states what happens to property and children’s care after someone dies. Example: The mother’s will named her sister as guardian of her minor children.

Example: The mother’s will named her sister as guardian of her minor children.

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WILLFUL ACT

Definition: An intentional and deliberate action performed with knowledge and purpose; in family law, a willful act may include failure to pay support, denial of visitation, or acts of domestic violence. Explanation: Something done on purpose, not by accident. Example: The judge ruled that the father’s refusal to return the child was a willful act of disobedience.

Explanation: Something done on purpose, not by accident. Example: The judge ruled that the father’s refusal to return the child was a willful act of disobedience.

Example: The judge ruled that the father’s refusal to return the child was a willful act of disobedience.

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WILLFUL CONTEMPT

Definition: Intentional disobedience of a court order, punishable by sanctions or jail. Explanation: Purposely not following a court order. Example: Failure to pay ordered support was found to be willful contempt.

Explanation: Purposely not following a court order. Example: Failure to pay ordered support was found to be willful contempt.

Example: Failure to pay ordered support was found to be willful contempt.

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WILLING

Definition: Describes a person’s readiness, consent, or voluntary choice to act without coercion; in family law, willingness may be considered in custody cases, such as a parent’s willingness to facilitate visitation or cooperate in co-parenting. Explanation: Being ready and choosing freely to do something. Example: The court found that the mother was more willing than the father to support the child’s relationship with the other parent.

Explanation: Being ready and choosing freely to do something. Example: The court found that the mother was more willing than the father to support the child’s relationship with the other parent.

Example: The court found that the mother was more willing than the father to support the child’s relationship with the other parent.

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WITH PREJUDICE

Definition: A legal term indicating that a case has been dismissed permanently and cannot be refiled; in family law, dismissals with prejudice prevent parties from bringing the same custody, support, or divorce claims again. Explanation: When the court closes a case for good, and it cannot be brought back. Example: The judge dismissed the father’s custody petition with prejudice after finding it legally groundless.

Explanation: When the court closes a case for good, and it cannot be brought back. Example: The judge dismissed the father’s custody petition with prejudice after finding it legally groundless.

Example: The judge dismissed the father’s custody petition with prejudice after finding it legally groundless.

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WITHOUT PREJUDICE

Definition: A dismissal or offer that does not prevent bringing the claim again later. Explanation: Closing something now but allowing it to be raised again. She withdrew the motion without prejudice to refile after discovery.

Explanation: Closing something now but allowing it to be raised again. She withdrew the motion without prejudice to refile after discovery.

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WITNESS

Definition: A person who testifies under oath about facts they know. Explanation: Someone who tells the court what they saw or know. Example: The teacher was a key witness at the custody trial.

Explanation: Someone who tells the court what they saw or know. Example: The teacher was a key witness at the custody trial.

Example: The teacher was a key witness at the custody trial.

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WORK SEARCH ORDER

Definition: A court order requiring a supported spouse to actively seek employment and report efforts. Explanation: Court tells a spouse to look for a job and show proof. Example: The judge issued a work search order with weekly logs.

Explanation: Court tells a spouse to look for a job and show proof. Example: The judge issued a work search order with weekly logs.

Example: The judge issued a work search order with weekly logs.

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WORKPLACE VIOLENCE RESTRAINING ORDER (WVRO)

Definition: A civil order protecting workers from violence or threats at a workplace; related to, but distinct from, family DV orders. Explanation: Court order to protect someone at work from threats or violence. Example: The employer sought a WVRO after repeated threats at the office.

Explanation: Court order to protect someone at work from threats or violence. Example: The employer sought a WVRO after repeated threats at the office.

Example: The employer sought a WVRO after repeated threats at the office.

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WRIT

Definition: A formal written order issued by a court directing a person or entity to perform or refrain from performing a specific act; in family law, writs may include writs of habeas corpus (to return a child), writs of mandate (to compel a lower court or agency to act), or writs of execution (to enforce a support judgment). Explanation: A written court order telling someone to do or stop doing something. Example: The mother filed a writ of habeas corpus to have the child returned after the father kept the child past the visitation period.

Explanation: A written court order telling someone to do or stop doing something. Example: The mother filed a writ of habeas corpus to have the child returned after the father kept the child past the visitation period.

Example: The mother filed a writ of habeas corpus to have the child returned after the father kept the child past the visitation period.

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WRIT OF EXECUTION

Definition: A court order authorizing collection on a judgment, such as levying bank accounts for support arrears. Explanation: Order that lets you collect money awarded by the court. Example: A writ of execution was issued to collect unpaid spousal support.

Explanation: Order that lets you collect money awarded by the court. Example: A writ of execution was issued to collect unpaid spousal support.

Example: A writ of execution was issued to collect unpaid spousal support.

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WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS (CHILD CUSTODY)

Definition: A writ used to bring a child before the court to determine the proper custodian. Explanation: Order to present the child to the court to decide custody. Example: She filed a habeas petition to recover the child from wrongful retention.

Explanation: Order to present the child to the court to decide custody. Example: She filed a habeas petition to recover the child from wrongful retention.

Example: She filed a habeas petition to recover the child from wrongful retention.

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WRIT OF MANDATE (MANDAMUS)

Definition: An appellate remedy asking a higher court to order a lower court or official to perform a required act. Explanation: Asking a higher court to make a lower court do something it must do. Example: They sought a writ of mandate to correct the discovery order.

Explanation: Asking a higher court to make a lower court do something it must do. Example: They sought a writ of mandate to correct the discovery order.

Example: They sought a writ of mandate to correct the discovery order.

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WRIT OF PROHIBITION

Definition: An order from a higher court directing a lower court to stop acting outside its jurisdiction in a family law matter. Explanation: When a higher court tells a lower court to stop doing something it has no power to do. Example: The appellate court issued a writ of prohibition stopping the lower court from enforcing an invalid custody order.

Explanation: When a higher court tells a lower court to stop doing something it has no power to do. Example: The appellate court issued a writ of prohibition stopping the lower court from enforcing an invalid custody order.

Example: The appellate court issued a writ of prohibition stopping the lower court from enforcing an invalid custody order.

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WRITTEN STIPULATION

Definition: A signed written agreement between the parties that can be submitted to the court as an order. Explanation: A written deal both sides sign and give to the judge. Example: They filed a written stipulation resolving support and holidays.

Explanation: A written deal both sides sign and give to the judge. Example: They filed a written stipulation resolving support and holidays.

Example: They filed a written stipulation resolving support and holidays.

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WRONGFUL REMOVAL/RETENTION

Definition: Keeping or taking a child in violation of custody rights, often raising UCCJEA or Hague issues. Explanation: Taking or keeping a child against the custody order. Example: Cross‑border travel without consent was alleged as wrongful retention.

Explanation: Taking or keeping a child against the custody order. Example: Cross‑border travel without consent was alleged as wrongful retention.

Example: Cross‑border travel without consent was alleged as wrongful retention.

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X‑CHROMOSOME DNA TESTING

Definition: Genetic testing that analyzes X‑chromosome markers, sometimes used in complex parentage cases. Explanation: A type of DNA test using X‑chromosome markers to help prove parentage. Example: Because the alleged father was unavailable, X‑chromosome DNA testing was considered.

Explanation: A type of DNA test using X‑chromosome markers to help prove parentage. Example: Because the alleged father was unavailable, X‑chromosome DNA testing was considered.

Example: Because the alleged father was unavailable, X‑chromosome DNA testing was considered.

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X‑LINKED GENETIC MARKER

Definition: A genetic characteristic on the X‑chromosome that can be used as evidence in disputed parentage. Explanation: A DNA trait on the X‑chromosome used as proof in parentage cases. Example: The expert testified that an X‑linked genetic marker supported the claimed relationship.

Explanation: A DNA trait on the X‑chromosome used as proof in parentage cases. Example: The expert testified that an X‑linked genetic marker supported the claimed relationship.

Example: The expert testified that an X‑linked genetic marker supported the claimed relationship.

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X‑STR ANALYSIS

Definition: Testing of short tandem repeats on the X‑chromosome used to resolve certain deficient parentage scenarios. Explanation: A specialized DNA test on X‑chromosome STRs to clarify parentage when other tests fall short. Example: The lab recommended X‑STR analysis due to limited reference samples.

Explanation: A specialized DNA test on X‑chromosome STRs to clarify parentage when other tests fall short. Example: The lab recommended X‑STR analysis due to limited reference samples.

Example: The lab recommended X‑STR analysis due to limited reference samples.

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YOUTHFUL OFFENDER

Definition: A minor or young adult treated under special legal provisions recognizing reduced culpability due to age. Explanation: A young person who breaks the law but is treated more leniently because of age. Example: The court gave him youthful offender status instead of adult sentencing.

Explanation: A young person who breaks the law but is treated more leniently because of age. Example: The court gave him youthful offender status instead of adult sentencing.

Example: The court gave him youthful offender status instead of adult sentencing.

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ZERO TOLERANCE POLICY

Definition: A strict policy that imposes predetermined consequences for certain behaviors, often in schools or family supervision contexts. Explanation: Rules that give automatic punishment for specific actions. Example: The school’s zero tolerance policy applied to drug possession.

Explanation: Rules that give automatic punishment for specific actions. Example: The school’s zero tolerance policy applied to drug possession.

Example: The school’s zero tolerance policy applied to drug possession.

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ZONE OF DANGER (FAMILY LAW CONTEXT)

Definition: A legal concept where a person may be entitled to protection or damages if placed at foreseeable risk of harm, sometimes referenced in restraining order contexts. Explanation: If someone is in a risky situation where harm is likely, the law may give protection. Example: The court considered whether the child was in the zone of danger when granting the restraining order.

Explanation: If someone is in a risky situation where harm is likely, the law may give protection. Example: The court considered whether the child was in the zone of danger when granting the restraining order.

Example: The court considered whether the child was in the zone of danger when granting the restraining order.

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ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD, CHILD CUSTODY)

Definition: A developmental psychology concept sometimes referenced in custody cases, describing tasks a child can do with guidance, indicating needs for support. Explanation: What a child can do with help but not alone, used to guide custody or education decisions. Example: The evaluator mentioned ZPD in explaining the child’s educational needs.

Explanation: What a child can do with help but not alone, used to guide custody or education decisions. Example: The evaluator mentioned ZPD in explaining the child’s educational needs.

Example: The evaluator mentioned ZPD in explaining the child’s educational needs.

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